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Nursing N368 Pharmacology I > N368 Final AntiInfectives > Flashcards

N368 Final AntiInfectives Flashcards

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1
Q

The presence and growth of a micro-organism that produces tissue damage (depends on # and virulence of organism

A

Infection

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2
Q

What are five classic symptoms of Infection?

A

1) inflammation 2) Pain 3) heat, 4) redness, 5) swelling

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3
Q

This is an educated guess based on probability that drug will work

A

Empiric Therapy

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4
Q

Preventative, before surgery

A

Prophylactic Therapy

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5
Q

Decrease in S & S to Antibiotic compared to baseline

A

Therapeutic Response

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6
Q

not enough of a dose

A

Sub Therapeutic

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7
Q

Too high of a dose, may lead to kidney damage

A

Toxicity

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8
Q

How do you test for Kidney damage?

A

BUN test - creatine

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9
Q

age, organ function, pregnant? allergy HX,

A

Host factors

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10
Q

This will destroy the pathogen w/out hurting host, specific to organism, body does not develop resistance

A

Ideal Anti-microbial

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11
Q

Antibiotics may be classified as what two things?

A

Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic

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12
Q

Antibiotic type that does not change the growth or development of the organism.

A

Bacteriostatic

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13
Q

Antibiotic type that causes Suicide, homicide of the micro-organism, kills the organism

A

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Some antibiotics can be both? T or F

A

T

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15
Q

What is the actions of Antibiotics?

A

1) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis 2) Disrupts cell membrane function 3) inhibits protein synthesis 4) inhibits nucleic acid production 5) interferes with metabolism

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16
Q

Dose shape affect classification?

A

yes

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17
Q

Gram stain purple = ?

A

Gram positive

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18
Q

Gram stain red = ?

A

Gram Negative

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19
Q

Doesn’t matter if bacteria has been exposed before

A

Inherent

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20
Q

Dependent on exposure, bacteria mutates and leaves

A

Acquired

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21
Q

How does bacterial resistance occur?

A

Not strong enough dose, bacteria lives and adapts

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22
Q

What are three adverse effects of antimicrobials?

A

1) toxicity 2) allergic reaction 3) Superinfection

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23
Q

This eliminates or reduces normal flora

A

Superinfection

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24
Q

What are two interactions that are important to think about when administering Antimicrobial drugs?

A

Food-drug and Drug-Drug

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25
Q

What are five nursing considerations with antimicrobial therapy that must be considered?

A

1) match drug to bug-identification 2) Assess for infection-a) inflammation b) Health problems c) possible drug allergies d) Hx of exposure e) baseline assessment of organs that may be affected by drug
3) Educating the patient- a) virus = no antibiotics b) daytime med regimen - meals 4) monitor the effects of drug therapy a) Decrease in WBC b) Decrease in fever c) BUN creatine
5) Education about misuse of antibiotics - COST

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26
Q

What are Five defense mechanisms of the body toward acquiring an infection?

A

1) Cilated mucous secretions/membranes
2) Intact skin
3) Mechanical- tears, itching, coughing
4) Phagocytic cell
5) Immune and inflammatory response

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27
Q

What are some reasons that a micro-organism might be able to invade the body?

A

1) Breaks in the skin - first line of defense
2) Impaired blood supply
3) Neutropedia - decrease WBC
4) malnourished
5) Poor personal hygiene
6) Suppression of indigidous flora - superinfection
7) Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response
8) Chronic Cortico-steriod therapy - slow healing
9) diabetes and other chronic illnesses
10) old age

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28
Q

What are some important teaching points for the patient?

A

1) Sleep 2) Handwashing 3)Anti-biotic therapy is individualized 4) Eating 5) Brush teeth and bathing 6)

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29
Q

This is used to treat an UTI infection, contra-indicated to pregnant women, and patients with renal failure, Must teach patient to wipe from front to back

A

Sulfonamides

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30
Q

Interferes with folic acid production to prevent multiplication of new bacteria

A

Sulfonamides

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31
Q

Sulfonamides are often combined with

A

Trimethoprim/Bactrim DS Septra

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32
Q

What are two types of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils and Leukocytes

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33
Q

This is naturally occurring, and is used to treat Strep throat, Pneumonia, and Gonorrhea. It is also called _______________?

A

Penicillin, Beta Lactum Antibiotics

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34
Q

This inhibits synthesis of the bacteria cell wall,

A

Penicillin mechanism of action

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35
Q

What is the injectable form of penicillin called?

A

Penicillin G

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36
Q

This is given so the patient does not become resistant to methacillin?

A

Penicillinase

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37
Q

This form of penicillin is semi-synthetic and is easier on the stomach?

A

Ampicillin

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38
Q

When should penicillin be given to the patient?

A

1hr before meal or 1hr after meal, also must take w/glass of water

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39
Q

If given IV, how many mL should be given?

A

50-100 mL

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40
Q

What is the most common antibiotic allergy, medicine? What percentage of the population?

A

Penicillin, 5 % of pop, 5% of them will have a severe response so .25 of pop

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41
Q

This type of medication is structurally similar to penicillin, also a beta lactum?

A

Cephalosporin

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42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cephalosporin?

A

Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

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43
Q

What are two types of Cephalosporins?

A

Ancef, Rocephin

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44
Q

What might be an indicator that a patient is allergic to a Cephalosporin?

A

If the pt is also allergic to penicillin

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45
Q

How are Cephalosporins used?

A

as penicillin beta lactamase inhibitor

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46
Q

This type of medication is a broad spectrum, not to be given to pregnant females nor children under 8 yrs old

A

Tetracyclines

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47
Q

What are two forms of Tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline, Minocycline (minocin)

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48
Q

This medication is used for Cholera, Rocky-mt spotted fever, and Lyme Disease

A

Tetracycline

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49
Q

If used this drug is more likely to cause a superinfection than any other antibiotic?

A

Tetracycline

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50
Q

This drug is not to be used w/penicillin or Cephalosporins?

A

Tetracyclines

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51
Q

This drug causes teeth coloration (THRUSH) and bone growth to decrease in children under 8? This drug also interacts with dairy products.

A

Tetracycline

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52
Q

This is an antibiotic that is used to great aerobic, gram-negative bacteria? It is ineffective against Anaerobic bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A

Aminoglycosides

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53
Q

This drug is only used for serious infections when nothing else will work, Must monitor blood serum levels closely,

A

Aminoglycosides

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54
Q

This drug will damage hearing and kidney function. Must do a blood test to determine the amt of drug in the blood of the GI tract. This test can be administered __________ after administration.

A

Aminoglycosides, 1hr

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55
Q

This drug is given parentally or rectally. What Lab work must be done?

A

aminoglycosides, BUN and Creatine, if BUN is inc. then that is bad

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56
Q

This drug permanently alters the DNA of the bacteria and kills it.

A

Quinolones

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57
Q

How are quinolones administered?

A

IV, PO

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58
Q

What are three types of Quinolones?

A

1) Ciproflaxin - Cipro
2) Levofloxacin - Levaquin
3) Ofloxacin - Do not give to pregnant patient

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59
Q

This drug should not be given to pregnant women nor to pt under 16 years old.

A

Quinolones

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60
Q

This drug is used for Respiratory, urinary, and skin infections (STD)

A

Quinolones

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61
Q

Quinolones are administered) ________ times a day?

A

1

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62
Q

This drug is a substitute for pt that are allergic to penicillin? Has the same uses as penicillin, (pneumonia, strep, gonorrhea)

A

Macrolides

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63
Q

This drug may be either bacteriostatic or Bactericida

A

Macrolides

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64
Q

This drug should not be given to pt with liver disease?

A

Macrolides

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65
Q

What are three types of Macrolides?

A

1) Erthromycin,
2) Azithromycin = Z-Pak
3) Clarithromycin

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66
Q

What is another name for Clarithromycin?

A

Biaxin

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67
Q

What is another name for Azithromycin?

A

Zithromycin

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68
Q

What is a common s/e of Erthromycin that makes pt respond by not taking their medication?

A

Diarrhea

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69
Q

How often is Erthromycin given?

A

3x/day

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70
Q

This medication is good against anaerobes, alcohol should not be drank, given PO, HO-IV,

A

Metronidazole

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71
Q

What is the trade name for Metronidazole?

A

Flagyl

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72
Q

This drug is given to treat MRSA? 2x/day, peak and trough must be monitored!

A

Vancomycin

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73
Q

This drug is used for bone marrow depression, and it is the drug of Choice for Typhoid Fever

A

Chloramphenicol

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74
Q

This is a slow growing organism. May cause systemic infections or may affect parts of the body such as the skin, nails, hair, difficult to treat bacterial infection

A

Fungi

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75
Q

Anti-fungal drugs act by interfering with the __________

A

Synthesis of ergosterol

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76
Q

This is a chemical found in fungal cell membranes

A

Ergosterol

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77
Q

This is also known as ringworm” or athletes foot”

A

Tinea Corporis

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78
Q

This is type of infection can not be treated with antibiotics?

A

Fungal Infection

79
Q

This type of infection causes Thrush, or yeast infection

A

Candidiasis

80
Q

This infection is caused by breathing in spores

A

Histoplasmosis

81
Q

This infection causes Jock Itch

A

Tinea cruris

82
Q

This medication is to fight a fungal infection is life threatening, requires careful monitoring b/c it is given IV for systemic infection

A

Amphotericin B

83
Q

What is another name for Amphotericin B

A

Fungizone IV

84
Q

This medication is given to treat skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract

A

Nystatin (Mycostatin)

85
Q

This medication is given to AIDS pt for skin infections

A

Ketoconzole (Nizoral)

86
Q

These two medications are given for yeast infections of the vagina, mouth and skin. ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot

A

Clotrimazone (Lotrimin), or Griseofulvin

87
Q

This is among the simplest living organisms, must enter cells to sustain their growth and to reproduce or multiply, They act as intracellular parasites.

A

Viruses

88
Q

Viral diseases may often be controlled by ?

A

Vaccinations

89
Q

What are three types of viruses that have no vaccination?

A

1) HSV 1 and 2

2) papilloma

90
Q

What type of virus is the common cold?

A

Acute

91
Q

What type of virus is herpes, AIDS

A

Chronic Viral infection

92
Q

What type of virus is Alzheimer’s?

A

Slow growing

93
Q

Many viruses cannot be treated with antivirals because?

A

It will damage the host cell.

94
Q

These two medications are given for influenza?

A

Amantadine (Symmetrel) & Rimantadine (Flumadine)

95
Q

This alters uneffected cells and makes them resistant

A

Interferon alpha

96
Q

what is the first drug to be effective against HIV/AIDS?

A

AZT (Zidovudine)

97
Q

What is a drug that is used to prevent a herpes breakout? It reduces the inflammation and improves healing if a breakout occurs.

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

98
Q

The presence and growth of a micro-organism that produces tissue damage (depends on # and virulence of organism

A

Infection

99
Q

What are five classic symptoms of Infection?

A

1) inflammation 2) Pain 3) heat, 4) redness, 5) swelling

100
Q

This is an educated guess based on probability that drug will work

A

Empiric Therapy

101
Q

Preventative, before surgery

A

Prophylactic Therapy

102
Q

Decrease in S & S to Antibiotic compared to baseline

A

Therapeutic Response

103
Q

not enough of a dose

A

Sub Therapeutic

104
Q

Too high of a dose, may lead to kidney damage

A

Toxicity

105
Q

How do you test for Kidney damage?

A

BUN test - creatine

106
Q

age, organ function, pregnant? allergy HX,

A

Host factors

107
Q

This will destroy the pathogen w/out hurting host, specific to organism, body does not develop resistance

A

Ideal Anti-microbial

108
Q

Antibiotics may be classified as what two things?

A

Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic

109
Q

Antibiotic type that does not change the growth or development of the organism.

A

Bacteriostatic

110
Q

Antibiotic type that causes Suicide, homicide of the micro-organism, kills the organism

A

Bactericidal

111
Q

Some antibiotics can be both? T or F

A

T

112
Q

What is the actions of Antibiotics?

A

1) inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis 2) Disrupts cell membrane function 3) inhibits protein synthesis 4) inhibits nucleic acid production 5) interferes with metabolism

113
Q

Dose shape affect classification?

A

yes

114
Q

Gram stain purple = ?

A

Gram positive

115
Q

Gram stain red = ?

A

Gram Negative

116
Q

Doesn’t matter if bacteria has been exposed before

A

Inherent

117
Q

Dependent on exposure, bacteria mutates and leaves

A

Acquired

118
Q

How does bacterial resistance occur?

A

Not strong enough dose, bacteria lives and adapts

119
Q

What are three adverse effects of antimicrobials?

A

1) toxicity 2) allergic reaction 3) Superinfection

120
Q

This eliminates or reduces normal flora

A

Superinfection

121
Q

What are two interactions that are important to think about when administering Antimicrobial drugs?

A

Food-drug and Drug-Drug

122
Q

What are five nursing considerations with antimicrobial therapy that must be considered?

A

1) match drug to bug-identification 2) Assess for infection-a) inflammation b) Health problems c) possible drug allergies d) Hx of exposure e) baseline assessment of organs that may be affected by drug
3) Educating the patient- a) virus = no antibiotics b) daytime med regimen - meals 4) monitor the effects of drug therapy a) Decrease in WBC b) Decrease in fever c) BUN creatine
5) Education about misuse of antibiotics - COST

123
Q

What are Five defense mechanisms of the body toward acquiring an infection?

A

1) Cilated mucous secretions/membranes
2) Intact skin
3) Mechanical- tears, itching, coughing
4) Phagocytic cell
5) Immune and inflammatory response

124
Q

What are some reasons that a micro-organism might be able to invade the body?

A

1) Breaks in the skin - first line of defense
2) Impaired blood supply
3) Neutropedia - decrease WBC
4) malnourished
5) Poor personal hygiene
6) Suppression of indigidous flora - superinfection
7) Suppression of immune system and inflammatory response
8) Chronic Cortico-steriod therapy - slow healing
9) diabetes and other chronic illnesses
10) old age

125
Q

What are some important teaching points for the patient?

A

1) Sleep 2) Handwashing 3)Anti-biotic therapy is individualized 4) Eating 5) Brush teeth and bathing 6)

126
Q

This is used to treat an UTI infection, contra-indicated to pregnant women, and patients with renal failure, Must teach patient to wipe from front to back

A

Sulfonamides

127
Q

Interferes with folic acid production to prevent multiplication of new bacteria

A

Sulfonamides

128
Q

Sulfonamides are often combined with

A

Trimethoprim/Bactrim DS Septra

129
Q

What are two types of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils and Leukocytes

130
Q

This is naturally occurring, and is used to treat Strep throat, Pneumonia, and Gonorrhea. It is also called _______________?

A

Penicillin, Beta Lactum Antibiotics

131
Q

This inhibits synthesis of the bacteria cell wall,

A

Penicillin mechanism of action

132
Q

What is the injectable form of penicillin called?

A

Penicillin G

133
Q

This is given so the patient does not become resistant to methacillin?

A

Penicillinase

134
Q

This form of penicillin is semi-synthetic and is easier on the stomach?

A

Ampicillin

135
Q

When should penicillin be given to the patient?

A

1hr before meal or 1hr after meal, also must take w/glass of water

136
Q

If given IV, how many mL should be given?

A

50-100 mL

137
Q

What is the most common antibiotic allergy, medicine? What percentage of the population?

A

Penicillin, 5 % of pop, 5% of them will have a severe response so .25 of pop

138
Q

This type of medication is structurally similar to penicillin, also a beta lactum?

A

Cephalosporin

139
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cephalosporin?

A

Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

140
Q

What are two types of Cephalosporins?

A

Ancef, Rocephin

141
Q

What might be an indicator that a patient is allergic to a Cephalosporin?

A

If the pt is also allergic to penicillin

142
Q

How are Cephalosporins used?

A

as penicillin beta lactamase inhibitor

143
Q

This type of medication is a broad spectrum, not to be given to pregnant females nor children under 8 yrs old

A

Tetracyclines

144
Q

What are two forms of Tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline, Minocycline (minocin)

145
Q

This medication is used for Cholera, Rocky-mt spotted fever, and Lyme Disease

A

Tetracycline

146
Q

If used this drug is more likely to cause a superinfection than any other antibiotic?

A

Tetracycline

147
Q

This drug is not to be used w/penicillin or Cephalosporins?

A

Tetracyclines

148
Q

This drug causes teeth coloration (THRUSH) and bone growth to decrease in children under 8? This drug also interacts with dairy products.

A

Tetracycline

149
Q

This is an antibiotic that is used to great aerobic, gram-negative bacteria? It is ineffective against Anaerobic bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A

Aminoglycosides

150
Q

This drug is only used for serious infections when nothing else will work, Must monitor blood serum levels closely,

A

Aminoglycosides

151
Q

This drug will damage hearing and kidney function. Must do a blood test to determine the amt of drug in the blood of the GI tract. This test can be administered __________ after administration.

A

Aminoglycosides, 1hr

152
Q

This drug is given parentally or rectally. What Lab work must be done?

A

aminoglycosides, BUN and Creatine, if BUN is inc. then that is bad

153
Q

This drug permanently alters the DNA of the bacteria and kills it.

A

Quinolones

154
Q

How are quinolones administered?

A

IV, PO

155
Q

What are three types of Quinolones?

A

1) Ciproflaxin - Cipro
2) Levofloxacin - Levaquin
3) Ofloxacin - Do not give to pregnant patient

156
Q

This drug should not be given to pregnant women nor to pt under 16 years old.

A

Quinolones

157
Q

This drug is used for Respiratory, urinary, and skin infections (STD)

A

Quinolones

158
Q

Quinolones are administered) ________ times a day?

A

1

159
Q

This drug is a substitute for pt that are allergic to penicillin? Has the same uses as penicillin, (pneumonia, strep, gonorrhea)

A

Macrolides

160
Q

This drug may be either bacteriostatic or Bactericida

A

Macrolides

161
Q

This drug should not be given to pt with liver disease?

A

Macrolides

162
Q

What are three types of Macrolides?

A

1) Erthromycin,
2) Azithromycin = Z-Pak
3) Clarithromycin

163
Q

What is another name for Clarithromycin?

A

Biaxin

164
Q

What is another name for Azithromycin?

A

Zithromycin

165
Q

What is a common s/e of Erthromycin that makes pt respond by not taking their medication?

A

Diarrhea

166
Q

How often is Erthromycin given?

A

3x/day

167
Q

This medication is good against anaerobes, alcohol should not be drank, given PO, HO-IV,

A

Metronidazole

168
Q

What is the trade name for Metronidazole?

A

Flagyl

169
Q

This drug is given to treat MRSA? 2x/day, peak and trough must be monitored!

A

Vancomycin

170
Q

This drug is used for bone marrow depression, and it is the drug of Choice for Typhoid Fever

A

Chloramphenicol

171
Q

This is a slow growing organism. May cause systemic infections or may affect parts of the body such as the skin, nails, hair, difficult to treat bacterial infection

A

Fungi

172
Q

Anti-fungal drugs act by interfering with the __________

A

Synthesis of ergosterol

173
Q

This is a chemical found in fungal cell membranes

A

Ergosterol

174
Q

This is also known as ringworm” or athletes foot”

A

Tinea Corporis

175
Q

This is type of infection can not be treated with antibiotics?

A

Fungal Infection

176
Q

This type of infection causes Thrush, or yeast infection

A

Candidiasis

177
Q

This infection is caused by breathing in spores

A

Histoplasmosis

178
Q

This infection causes Jock Itch

A

Tinea cruris

179
Q

This medication is to fight a fungal infection is life threatening, requires careful monitoring b/c it is given IV for systemic infection

A

Amphotericin B

180
Q

What is another name for Amphotericin B

A

Fungizone IV

181
Q

This medication is given to treat skin, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract

A

Nystatin (Mycostatin)

182
Q

This medication is given to AIDS pt for skin infections

A

Ketoconzole (Nizoral)

183
Q

These two medications are given for yeast infections of the vagina, mouth and skin. ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot

A

Clotrimazone (Lotrimin), or Griseofulvin

184
Q

This is among the simplest living organisms, must enter cells to sustain their growth and to reproduce or multiply, They act as intracellular parasites.

A

Viruses

185
Q

Viral diseases may often be controlled by ?

A

Vaccinations

186
Q

What are three types of viruses that have no vaccination?

A

1) HSV 1 and 2

2) papilloma

187
Q

What type of virus is the common cold?

A

Acute

188
Q

What type of virus is herpes, AIDS

A

Chronic Viral infection

189
Q

What type of virus is Alzheimer’s?

A

Slow growing

190
Q

Many viruses cannot be treated with antivirals because?

A

It will damage the host cell.

191
Q

These two medications are given for influenza?

A

Amantadine (Symmetrel) & Rimantadine (Flumadine)

192
Q

This alters uneffected cells and makes them resistant

A

Interferon alpha

193
Q

what is the first drug to be effective against HIV/AIDS?

A

AZT (Zidovudine)

194
Q

What is a drug that is used to prevent a herpes breakout? It reduces the inflammation and improves healing if a breakout occurs.

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

Nursing N368 Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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