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Haematology > Myeloma > Flashcards

Myeloma Flashcards

1
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies

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2
Q

From which cells are antibodies produced?

A

B lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is the primary role of antibodies?

A

To recognise and bind pathogens

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4
Q

What chain types make up an immunoglobin?

A

2 light chains

2 heavy chains

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of heavy chain?

A

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

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6
Q

What are the types of light chains?

A

Kappa

Lambda

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7
Q

What is the name of the region of the antibody which defines target binding?

A

Fab region

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8
Q

What is a paraprotein?

A

An area in blood where all antibodies are identical

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9
Q

Which immunoglobulin has the highest concentration in plasma?

A

IgG

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10
Q

What does a paraprotein indicate?

A

That there is monoclonal proliferation of a B lymphocyte/plasma cell somewhere in the body - i.e. a blood cancer

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11
Q

What are some tests that can be carried out to determine the presence of paraproteins?

A

Electrophoresis

Total Immunoglobulin levels

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12
Q

Which paraprotein is associated with lymphomas?

A

IgM

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13
Q

Which paraproteins are associated with myeloma?

A

IgG

IgA

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14
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Cancer of plasma cells resulting in excessive production of a single immunoglobulin (paraprotein)

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15
Q

In what age group is myeloma most common?

A

7th decade

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16
Q

Which ethnic group is most at risk of myeloma?

A

Black people

17
Q

What are the clinical features of myeloma?

A

Bone disease

Bone marrow failure (anaemia)

Infections

18
Q

What are the effects of paraproteins?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

Hyperviscosity resulting in bleeding

19
Q

How are myelomas diagnosed?

A

When plasma cells make up > 10% of total bone marrow cell population

20
Q

How is the stage of a myeloma calculated?

A

Based on albumin levels

21
Q

How is myeloma treated?

A

1 - Chemotherapy

2 - Radiotherapy

3 - Bisphosphonates

4 - Steroids

22
Q

With which condition are IgM paraproteins associated with?

A

Low-grade lymphomas

Haematology (13 decks)

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