Blood Transfusion

Question 1

What are the main reasons for transfusing blood?

Answer 1

1 - Bleeding

2 - Failure of production of blood

Question 2

What causes there to be different blood groups?

Answer 2

Antigens

Question 3

What is the A antigen?

Answer 3

N-acetyl-galactosamine

Question 4

What is the B antigen?

Answer 4

Galactose

Question 5

What is the O gene?

Answer 5

Non-functional allele

Question 6

What antibodies do you have if your blood type is A?

Answer 6

B antibodies

Question 7

What antibodies do you have if your blood type is B?

Answer 7

A antibodies

Question 8

What antibodies do you have if your blood type is O

Answer 8

A and B antibodies

Question 9

What antibodies do you have if your blood type is AB?

Answer 9

No antibodies against A and B

Question 10

Regarding antibodies and antigens for blood types, which are found on blood cell surface?

Answer 10

Antigens

Question 11

Regarding antibodies and antigens for blood types, which are found in the blood?

Answer 11

Antibodies

Question 12

If a patient with blood Type A is given blood type B, what will happen?

Answer 12

The patient will make B antibodies

The A antigen and the B antibodies will clump together, resulting in Agglutination

Question 13

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 13

Type O (they have no surface antigens, so A, B or AB patients will not react and produce any antibodies - which is good)

Question 14

What blood type is the universal recipient?

Answer 14

Type AB

Question 15

Why is there a difference in compatibility of patients and donors in FFP compared with red cell donors?

Answer 15

Because the red cell donors are only giving their red cells (which contain the surface antigens) and not giving their antibodies (which circulate in the plasma)

Question 16

In the case of an FFP donor, which blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 16

AB

Question 17

In the case of an FFP donor, which blood type is the universal recipient?

Answer 17

O

Question 18

Which mode of inheritance is the Rh antigen inherited?

Answer 18

Mendellian

Question 19

Which genotypes will have Rh+ phenotype?

Answer 19

RR

Rr

Question 20

Which genotypes will have Rh- phenotype?

Answer 20

rr

Question 21

If a Rh- woman and an Rh+ man have a child together, what phenotype will the fetus be?

Answer 21

Rh+

Question 22

In the late stages of a pregnancy in which an Rh- woman is carrying an Rh+ baby, what will happen to the Rh status of the mother? What implications will this have for further pregnancies she has where the baby is Rh+ again

Answer 22

She will make Rh+ antibodies

During the 2nd pregnancy with another Rh+ baby, the Rh+ antibodies will attack the Rh antigens found on the fetal red blood cells - this is Rhesus disease

Question 23

What happens to RBC’s in Rhesus disease?

Answer 23

They rupture

Question 24

What diseases are blood from blood donors screened for?

Answer 24

Hepatitis B, C, E

HIV

Syphilis

Question 25

What are the indications for a red blood cell transfusion?

Answer 25

1 - Correcting severe anaemia 2 - Improve quality of life in patient with uncorrectable anaemia 3 - Prepare a patient for surgery 4 - Reverese damage caused by the patients own cells (e.g. sickle cell disease)

Question 26

What are the indications for a platelets transfusion?

Answer 26

1 - Massive haemorrhage 2 - Bone marrow failure 3 - Prophylaxis for surgery

Question 27

What are the 2 different types of plasma components that are commonly transfused?

Answer 27

FFP Cryoprecipitate

Question 28

What is coombs test used to test for?

Answer 28

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Question 29

If red cells are required extremely urgently (minutes), what is the best blood type to give?

Answer 29

**O** RhD **negative** red cells

Question 30

In massive haemorrhages, what should be ordered?

Answer 30

6 units of red cells 4 units FFP 1 unit platelets

Question 31

What are the main risks associated with RBC transfusion?

Answer 31

TACO - Transfusion associated circulatory overload Fever Anaphylaxis

Question 32

What are the common reasons for death related to transfusions?

Answer 32

Pulmonary complications Delays in receiving product

Question 33

What is the treatment if a patient suffers TACO following a transfusion?

Answer 33

O2 Diuretic Ventilation Adrenaline

Question 34

How is haemolytic disease of the new born prevented?

Answer 34

Anti-D

Question 35

How is Haemolytic disease of the newborn treated?

Answer 35

IGIN Phototherapy for Jaundice