Myeloid Maturation... Flashcards
production and maturation of granulocytic cells
granulopoiesis
granulocytes
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
What external factors influence granulocytosis?
- progenitor cells require continuous and constant influence from cytokines and growth factors
- released by stromal cells in the microenvironment
- absence of signals = apoptosis
- cytokines can stimulate, inhibit, and allow for differentiation = interleukins and CSF
What internal factors influence granulocytosis?
genes and genetic composition of the cell
What technique is used to differentiate between early precursor cells?
flow cytometry
Proliferation pool
- mitotic; dividing cells
- CMP
- CFU GMP
T or F. IL-3 is released by stromal cells in the microenvironment
F, released by T cells
Maturation pool
- storage
- nuclear maturation
- ready for release
an increase in WBC
leukocytosis
- normal adult WBC = 4.0-11.0 10^9/L
release from this site causes presence of immature WBC in peripheral blood
maturation pool ; times of increased demand
most common cause of an increased WBC count
neutrophilia
- bacterial infections, inflammation, tissue necrosis
increased granulocytes due to allergic response, parasitic infections, malignancies
eosinophilia
>0.7 x 10^9/L
neutrophilia range
> 7.5 x 10^9/L
increased granulocytes due to allergic response, malignanacies
basophilia
- >0.3 x 10^9/L
cyclic neutropenia
- periodically decrease and turn to normal
- autosomal dom, rare
- can treat with G-CSF
temporary shift from circulating to marginating pool
pseudo-neutropenia
neutropenia due to decreased production
- drugs (chloramphenicol, chemotherapy)
- irradiation
- nutritional deficiencies
- aplastic anemia
neutropenia due to increased destruction
- anti-neutrophil Ab
- drugs
physiological leukocytosis
- release of cells from marginating pool
- possible causes:
> strenuous exercise, emotional stress, labor, increased epinephrine
pathologic leukocytosis
- pathological disease process
- release of cells from storage (maturation pool)
- possible causes:
> bacterial infection, neoplasm(leukemia), acute hemorrhage, tissue damage, drugs, toxins, inflammatory disorders
leukomoid rxns
- exaggerated pathological response to infection
- non-neoplastic/leukemia
- WBC is >30.0 x 10^9/L
- marked left shift = immature cells
- causes: acute or chronic infections, metabolic disease, inflammation, response to a malignancy
eosinopenia
- conditions with marrow hypoplasia
- may be deceased during inflammation with neutrophilia
- may decrease in response to ACTH
leukemoid rxns must be differentiated from this
chronic myelogenous leukemia
- increased WBC
- presence of blasts and myeloids
tool to differentiate leukemoid vs CML
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase stain
- found in small vesicles in neutrophil cytoplasm
- high for leukemoid
- low for CML
Alder Reilly Anomaly
- recessive
- dark, coarse mucopolysaccharide granules in the cytoplasm of most cells
- resembles toxicity (no vacuolation or Dohle bodies)
- cell function unaffected (unable to digest LPS so just accumulates in cells)
Chediak Higashi
- autosomal recessive
- rare but fatal
- defect in LYST gene
- large lysosomes (all cell lines; grans + lymphs)
- abnormal chemotaxis and degranulation (infection-prone)
- PLTs enlarged
May-Hegglin anomaly
- large blue-grey inclusions in grans and monocytes
- precipitated myosin heavy chains
- affects MEG maturation PLTs fragmentation = bleeding probs
- most are asymptomatic
