Myeloid Maturation...

Question 1

production and maturation of granulocytic cells

Answer 1

granulopoiesis

Question 2

granulocytes

Answer 2

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

Question 3

What external factors influence granulocytosis?

Answer 3

• progenitor cells require continuous and constant influence from cytokines and growth factors
• released by stromal cells in the microenvironment
• absence of signals = apoptosis
• cytokines can stimulate, inhibit, and allow for differentiation = interleukins and CSF

Question 4

What internal factors influence granulocytosis?

Answer 4

genes and genetic composition of the cell

Question 5

What technique is used to differentiate between early precursor cells?

Answer 5

flow cytometry

Question 6

Proliferation pool

Answer 6

• mitotic; dividing cells
• CMP
• CFU GMP

Question 7

T or F. IL-3 is released by stromal cells in the microenvironment

Answer 7

F, released by T cells

Question 8

Maturation pool

Answer 8

• storage
• nuclear maturation
• ready for release

Question 9

an increase in WBC

Answer 9

leukocytosis

- normal adult WBC = 4.0-11.0 10^9/L

Question 10

release from this site causes presence of immature WBC in peripheral blood

Answer 10

maturation pool ; times of increased demand

Question 11

most common cause of an increased WBC count

Answer 11

neutrophilia

- bacterial infections, inflammation, tissue necrosis

Question 12

increased granulocytes due to allergic response, parasitic infections, malignancies

Answer 12

eosinophilia

>0.7 x 10^9/L

Question 13

neutrophilia range

Answer 13

> 7.5 x 10^9/L

Question 14

increased granulocytes due to allergic response, malignanacies

Answer 14

basophilia

- >0.3 x 10^9/L

Question 15

cyclic neutropenia

Answer 15

• periodically decrease and turn to normal
• autosomal dom, rare
• can treat with G-CSF

Question 16

temporary shift from circulating to marginating pool

Answer 16

pseudo-neutropenia

Question 17

neutropenia due to decreased production

Answer 17

• drugs (chloramphenicol, chemotherapy)
• irradiation
• nutritional deficiencies
• aplastic anemia

Question 18

neutropenia due to increased destruction

Answer 18

• anti-neutrophil Ab

- drugs

Question 19

physiological leukocytosis

Answer 19

• release of cells from marginating pool
• possible causes:
  > strenuous exercise, emotional stress, labor, increased epinephrine

Question 20

pathologic leukocytosis

Answer 20

• pathological disease process
• release of cells from storage (maturation pool)
• possible causes:
  > bacterial infection, neoplasm(leukemia), acute hemorrhage, tissue damage, drugs, toxins, inflammatory disorders

Question 21

leukomoid rxns

Answer 21

• exaggerated pathological response to infection
• non-neoplastic/leukemia
• WBC is >30.0 x 10^9/L
• marked left shift = immature cells
• causes: acute or chronic infections, metabolic disease, inflammation, response to a malignancy

Question 22

eosinopenia

Answer 22

• conditions with marrow hypoplasia
• may be deceased during inflammation with neutrophilia
• may decrease in response to ACTH

Question 23

leukemoid rxns must be differentiated from this

Answer 23

chronic myelogenous leukemia

• increased WBC
• presence of blasts and myeloids

Question 24

tool to differentiate leukemoid vs CML

Answer 24

leukocyte alkaline phosphatase stain

• found in small vesicles in neutrophil cytoplasm
• high for leukemoid
• low for CML

Question 25

Alder Reilly Anomaly

Answer 25

• recessive
• dark, coarse mucopolysaccharide granules in the cytoplasm of most cells
• resembles toxicity (no vacuolation or Dohle bodies)
• cell function unaffected (unable to digest LPS so just accumulates in cells)

Question 26

Chediak Higashi

Answer 26

• autosomal recessive
• rare but fatal
• defect in LYST gene
• large lysosomes (all cell lines; grans + lymphs)
• abnormal chemotaxis and degranulation (infection-prone)
• PLTs enlarged

Question 27

May-Hegglin anomaly

Answer 27

• large blue-grey inclusions in grans and monocytes
• precipitated myosin heavy chains
• affects MEG maturation PLTs fragmentation = bleeding probs
• most are asymptomatic