Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLSCI 230 > Diagnostic Techniques > Flashcards

Diagnostic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

flow cytometry

A
  • usually performed on BM, peripheral blood, or lymphoid tissues
  • measures cellular characteristics based on their ability to scatter light (optical scatter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

forward scatter

A

cell volume/size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

side scatter

A

cellular complexity

- nucleus, is the cell granulated?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

immunophenotyping

A

phenotyping cell surface markers through Abs interacting w antigens (fluorescently-labeled monoclonal Abs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

useful in diagnosing hematological malignancies

A

cell markers

- neoplastic cells will stop at a certain point in maturation and will display aberrant antigenic patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CD

A

cluster of differentiation

- cell markers specific for those types of cells like CD4, CD8, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CD8

A

suppressor T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CD45

A

leukocyte common antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CD34

A

immature hematopoietic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CD19, CD20

A

precursor and mature B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

molecule diagnostics

A
  • used to detect specific sequences of DNA/RNA in nucleated blood or BM cells, tissues, or body fluids
  • PCR is used to amplify DNA, followed by gel or cap electrophoresis for the detection of amplified DNA
  • DNA/RNA in a sample can also be measured quantitatively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reagents needed in a PCR

A
  • primers
  • DNA polymerase (Taq)
  • nucleotides (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP)
  • Mg buffer
  • thermocycler
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

enzyme-based method for amplifying a specific DNA target sequence

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

A
  • detects RNA expression
  • mRNA used as the starting material
  • reverse transcriptase produces complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA
  • cDNA amplified using specific primers
  • method can be paired with fluorescent probes for quantitatively measurement of DNA amplification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

study of chromosome structure and inheritance

A

cytogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chromosomes arranged and displayed in order of numbered pairs

A

Karyogram

- chrom 1 longest and shorter and shorter until chrom 22.. then chrom 23 = sex chromosomes

17
Q

human somatic cells have __ chromosomes

A

46 (diploid or 2n)

**gametes have 23 chromosomes (haploid or n)

18
Q

genes arranged on the chromosomes in humans

A

25 000

19
Q

3 shapes of chromosomes

A
  • metacentric
  • submetacentric
  • acrocentric
20
Q

4 stages in the cell cycle

A 
G1 = growth period
S = DNA synthesis
G2 = post DNA synthesis
M = mitosis
want to stop cell division here bc chromatin is thickest and best visualized ; specifically at metaphase (can chemically arrest cells here)
21
Q

G banding

A
  • routinely performed using Giemsa stain

- stains A and T rich areas and do not stain C and G

22
Q

R banding

A

highlights telomeres

23
Q

Q banding

A

rapid identification of the Y chromosome

24
Q

C banding

A

stains the centromeres and condensed heterochromatin

25
Q

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

A
  • couples molecular method with karyotypes to increase detection of mutations
  • target DNA is denatured into ssDNA
  • fluorescent-labeled DNA or RNA probe is used
    > hybridize to chromatin cells on a glass slide
    > red and green coloured probes to correspond to different targets on a chromosome
  • allows for the detection of fusion vs. break-apart signals
26
Q

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

A
  • abnormal proliferation of blasts; very very granulated like promyelocytes
  • t(15;17)(q24;q21)
27
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia with eosinophilia

A

inv(16)(p13.2q22)

28
Q

Cytochemistry

A
  • older method
  • staining of unique cellular components to aid in cell identification
  • can differentiate cells based on lineage and maturation
  • cytochemical stain examples:
    > Myeloperoxidase, esterases, Periodic Acid-Schiff, acid phosphatase
29
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff

A
  • reacts with glycogen, mucoproteins, and high molecular weight carbs
  • positive reactivity:
    > leukemic lymphoblasts (block positivity)
    > leukemic erythroblasts (coarse and granular)
    > granulocytes (+ increases w maturity)
    > megakaryocytes (diffuse positivity)
30
Q

Acid Phosphatase

A
  • various isoenzymes of acid phosphatase are found in all hematopoietic cells
  • lymphocytes in hairy cell leukemia produces an isoenzyme resistant to tartrate
    > tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP stain)
31
Q

Acid Phosphatase

A
  • various enzymes of acid phosphatase are found in all hematopoietic cells
  • lymphocytes in hairy cell leukemia produces an isoenzyme resistant to tartrate
    > tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP stain)
32
Q

gel electrophoresis

A
  • detection of DNA
  • DNA fragments migrate through gel
  • rate of migration based on size and weight
  • agarose or polyacrylamide gel used
  • smaller fragments move the farthest
  • many different methods of measuring DNA fragments
  • fluorescent dyes used to visualize fragments under UV light
  • qualitative measurement of DNA
33
Q

The chromatin condenses during _______ to form ___________

A

mitosis; chromosomes

34
Q

aneuploidy

A
  • numerical chromosomal abnormality

- not a multiple of 23

35
Q

polyploidy

A
  • numerical chromosomal abnormality

- multiple of 23, greater than 46

36
Q

chromosomal structural abnormalities

A
  • rearrangements of genetic material
  • may be balanced or unbalanced
  • due to inversions, deletions, translocations, or duplications
37
Q

myeloperoxidase

A
  • usuall found in primary granules of neuts and eos; basos have decreased + with maturity; monocyte variable
  • not present in lymphs
  • leukemic myeloblasts are positive (differentiate from lymphoblasts)
38
Q

esterases

A
  • differentiates leukemic cells that are granulocytic vs monocytic
  • substrates: alpha-naphthyl acetate (NSE) = monos are positive; positivity inhibited after adding NaF
  • naphthol AS-D chloroacetate (SE) = granulocytes stain positive; monocytes stain weak to negative

MLSCI 230 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions