Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DMD 5245 > Mycology (complete) > Flashcards

Mycology (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two distinctive features of fungi

A

Chitin in the cell walls

Ergosterol in the membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Dimorphism of fungi

A

their form changes with temperature
Molds at 26 degrees Celcius
Yeast at 37 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are mycoses difficult diseases to diagnose and treat

A

the signs of their diseases are missed or misinterpreted

there are few antifungal agents, and fungi are often resistant to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are many mycoses contagious

A

nope, with the exception of dermatophytes, fungi found on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are mycoses generally acquired

A

inhalation, trauma, or ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does fungal dimorphism play into a fungus’ pathogenicity

A

in the environment, at lower temperatures, they have mycelia composed of hyphae
in the body, warmer temperatures, they exist as yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does it matter that fungi are yeasts when inside the body

A

because now they are invasive due to the enzymes and proteins they produce to survive in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three categories of fungal diseases

A
  1. fungal infections
  2. Toxicoses
  3. Allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a fungal infection

A

the most common fungal disease, caused by a true pathogen, or an opportunistic one, in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Toxicoses

A

When you eat poisonous mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do you get fungal allergies

A

most often results when inhalation of fungal spores occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four locations you can get a fungal infection

A
  1. superficial - on the skin - no inflammation
  2. cutaneus - on the skin, hair or nails
  3. subcutaneos - below skin - traumatic injury
  4. deep or systemic - in organs or bone (difficult to diagnose and treat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 systemic pathogenic, dimorphic fungi

A
  1. Blastomyces
  2. coccidioides
  3. Histoplasma
  4. paracoccidioides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are the 4 systemic pathogens introduced into the body

A

inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do the systemic fungal infections begin, and how do they spread

A

they begin in the lungs and spread via the blood to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

besides blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, and paracoccidioides. how do other fungal infections occur

A

by opportunistic fungi, that are often commensals, that take advantage of weaknesses in a host’s defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes you most likely to get an opportunistic fungal infection

A

having a compromised immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the causative agent of blastomycosis

A

blastomyces dermatitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is blastomycosis common

A

south east US and canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does one contract blastomycosis

A

inhalation of dust with the fungal spores being carried into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the most common type of blastomycosis

A

pulmonary blastomycosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the problems associated with pulmonary blastomycosis

A

pulmonary lesions that begin asymptomatic
granulomatus reaction with marked fibrosis
can become chronic pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where can pulmonary blastomycosis disseminate to

A

the skin, bone, or in males the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what can blastomycosis cause in AIDS patients

A

meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how is blastomycosis treated

A

amphotercin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the common name for coccidioidomycosis

A

valley fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where do you find coccidiodomycosis

A

in the southwestern US, in desert soil, mines, rodent burrows, and archealogical remains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does a human contract coccidiodomycosis

A

inhalation of dust that carries the arthrospores (asexual spores) into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the causitive agent of valley fever

A

coccidioides immitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens to the coccidioides immitis arthrospores once in the lungs

A

they germinate into spherules that in turn produce more spores that are released into surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where do most coccidioides infections occur

A

in the lungs, pulmonary conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens to healthy individuals who get a coccidioides infection

A

the infections resolve on their own and require no treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the preferred drug against coccidioides infections

A

amphotercin B

34
Q

what is another name for spelunkers disease

A

histoplasmosis

35
Q

what is the causitive agent of spelunkers disease

A

histoplasma capsulatum

36
Q

Where can you find histoplasma capsulatum

A

mostly Eastern US, some in Africa and Asia

37
Q

what is the most common route of infection of histoplasma capsulatum

A

inhalation of spores into lungs

38
Q

what happens once histoplasma capsulatum gets into the lungs

A

it first attacks alveolar macrophages, then it is dispursed beyond the lungs via blood and lymph

39
Q

how problematic are most histoplasma capsulatum infections

A

they are usually asymptomatic and resolve without damage

40
Q

clinical histoplasmosis can result in one of four diseases what are they

A

chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis
chronic cutaneous histoplasmosis
systemic histoplasmosis
ocular histoplasmosis

41
Q

what is the preferred drug against histoplasmosis

A

Amphotercin B

42
Q

What disease is the infection pattern of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis similar to

A

TB (granulomas and latent reactivation)

43
Q

What is the causitive agent of paracoccidiodomycosis

A

paracoccidioides brasiliensis

44
Q

Where is paracoccidiodomycosis typically found

A

Mexico and south america

45
Q

who is most likely to contract paracoccidiodomycosis

A

farm workers

46
Q

what other fungal infections are similar to paracoccidiodomycosis

A

blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis

47
Q

What is the drug of choice for paracoccidiodomycosis

A

amphotercin B or Ketoconazole

48
Q

What is the most common causitive agent of candidiasis

A

candida albicans

49
Q

What is the most common opportunistic fungal infection

A

candidiasis

50
Q

are candida part of the natural microbiota, if yes, where

A

they are common microbiota of the skin and mucus membranes

51
Q

can candida be transmitted between individuals

A

yes

52
Q

how does the dimorphism of candida differ from other fungi

A

the yeast is the commensal form, the fliamentous forms are more pathogenic

53
Q

What is the most important fungal pathogen in the oral cavity

A

candida

54
Q

What are four clinical manifestations of candida

A

Thrush
diaper rash
onychomycosis
ocular candidiasis

55
Q

What is used to treat candidiasis

A

polyenes (nystatin, amphotercin)
axoles (miconazole, clotrimazole)
DNA analogues (flucytosine)

56
Q

What is the main causitive agent in cryptococcis

A

cryptococcus neoformans

57
Q

where do the spores (that cause disease when inhaled) of cryptococcus neoformans come from

A

bird droppings

58
Q

What characteristics of cryptococcus neoformans enhance its pathogenicity

A
  1. its ability to resist phagocytosis which is due to a large acidic mucopolysaccharide capsule
  2. predilection for the CNS
59
Q

What are the four diseases that can come from cryptococcus infection

A
  1. primary pulmonary cryptococcus
  2. cryptococcal meningitis
  3. cryptococcoma
  4. cutaneus cryptococcosis
60
Q

What are the possible outcomes of primary pulmonary cryptococcus

A

it can be asymptomatic, mild pneumonia, or develop into chronic pneumonia

61
Q

what is the most common disease that comes from a cryptococcal infection

A

cryptococcal meningitis (caused by dissemination of the fungus to the CNS)

62
Q

What is cryptococcoma?

A

a rare condition in which solid fungal masses form in cerebral hemispheres or the cerebellum

63
Q

what is the treatment for cryptococcus infection

A

synergistic combination of amphotercin B and 5-flurocytosine

64
Q

What did pneumocystis jirovenci used to be called

A

P. carnii

65
Q

pneumocystis jirovenci is a normal member of the human microbiota, when can it become problematic

A

in AIDS patients, immunosuppressed patients

66
Q

pneumocystis jirovenci can lead to pneumonia, the presence of the disease is almost diagnostic of _____

A

AIDS

67
Q

What is used to treat pneumocystis jirovenci and why

A

antiprotozoan drugs (septra), because of its similarities to protozoa

68
Q

What are the most commonly reported fungal diseases

A

superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses

69
Q

how are superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses acquired

A

person-to person contact or environmental exposure

70
Q

how serious are superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses

A

they aren’t usually life threatening, but can be chronic or reccuring

71
Q

do superficial mycoses illicit an immune response

A

not usually

72
Q

What is the difference between dermatophytoses and dermatomycoses

A

dermatophytoses are caused by epidermophyton, microsporum, or trichophyton
dermatomycoses are caused by any other fungi

73
Q

what are dermatophytoses

A

fungal infections of the skin or nails caused by dermatophytes

74
Q

what were dermatophyte infections formerly known as

A

ringworms

75
Q

What do dermatophytes use as a nutrient source, and what does that mean for where they reside

A

they use keratin as a nutrient source, and thus only colonize dead tissue

76
Q

can dermatophytes damage living tissues

A

yes by provoking a cell-mediated immune response

77
Q

what are the three genera of ascomycetes that cause most dermatophytoses

A

trichophyton
microsporum
epidermophyton fluccosum

78
Q

What is the treatment for dermatophytoses

A

topical antifungal agents

79
Q 
What are these common dermatophytoses
tinea pedis
tinea cruris
tinea unguinum
tinea corporis
tinea capitis
A 
tinea pedis = athletes foot
tinea cruris = jock itch
tinea unguinum = nails
tinea corporis = body
tinea capitis = scalp with hair loss
80
Q

What is immunity to fungi dependent on

A

activated macrophages

DMD 5245 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions