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DMD 5245 > Gram negative pathogens (complete) > Flashcards

Gram negative pathogens (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Gram-negative pathogens we study

A
  1. Neisseria species
  2. Escherichia Coli
  3. Shigella species
  4. Salmonella species
  5. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  6. Yersina species
  7. Bordetella pertussis
  8. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  9. Francisella tularenesis
  10. Legionella pneumophila
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2
Q

What group is the largest group of human pathogens and why

A

Gram-negative bacteria, in part because of the Lipid A in their cell wall

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3
Q

What does Lipid A trigger in humans

A

Fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (blood clots in blood vessels)

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4
Q

What are the three things that any gram-negative bacteria needs to cause disease or death in humans

A
  1. breach the skin or mucus membranes
  2. grow at 37 degrees celcius
  3. evade the immune system
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5
Q

What is the only Gram-negative Cocci that regularly causes diseases in humans

A

Neisseria

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6
Q

What do Neisseria usually look like

A

gram-negative diplococci, in pairs, with flattened sides

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7
Q

are neisseria aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

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8
Q

What are the two pathogenic types of neisseria

A

neisseria gonorrhea

neisseria meningitidis

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9
Q

neisseria are pyogenic, or pyrogenic

A

pyogenic (pus creating)

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10
Q

What is the isolation media used for neisseria

A

chocolate agar, + increased CO2

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11
Q

What is the major virulence factor of neisseria gonorrhea

A

the attachment pili

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12
Q

what is the most common reportable disease is the US

A

gonorrhea

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13
Q

What happens to males with gonorrhea

A

infection of the anterior urethra = acute inflammation
pus discharge and painful urination
can cause rectal or pharyngeal infections also

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14
Q

What happens to females with gonorrhea

A

infection of vaginal-cervical junction
80% of infections are asymptomatic
may cause salpingitis
may spread to lower abdomen and cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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15
Q

What is salpingitis

A

a gonorrhea infection of the fallopain tubes (20% sterility rate)

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16
Q

What happens to children with gonorrhea

A

as they pass through the birth canal they can contrat gonococcal opthalmia neonarum (eye infection)

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17
Q

What is done to prevent gonococcal opthalmia neonarum

A

antibiotic ointments placed in the eyes of newborns

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18
Q

What is neisseria gonorrhea transmitted

A

sexual contact

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19
Q

which age group has the highest incidence of neisseria gonorrhea

A

20-24

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20
Q

How is gonorrhea diagnosed

A

by the symptoms, and observation of the organisms in the pus

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21
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhea

A

used to be penicillin, but not it has 50% resistance

now it is cephalosporin + tetracycline

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22
Q

how is gonorrhea prevented

A

controlling sexual behavior

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23
Q

Where can you find neisseria meningitidis

A

only in humans (normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract)

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24
Q

What is the problem with neisseria meningitidis

A

when the bacteria gets in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid it becomes life threatening meningitis

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25
Q

neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of meningitis in individuals _____

A

under 20

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26
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis transmitted

how How

A

respiratory droplets among people living in close contact (dorms and barracks)

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27
Q

What are the two diseases associated with neisseria meningitidis

A

meningococcal meningitis

meningococcal septicemia

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28
Q

how quickly can meningococcal meningitis go from initial symptoms to death

A

6 hours

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29
Q

what is meningococcal septicemia

A

blood poisoning by neisseria meningitidis. produces blood coagulation and the formation of minute hemorrhagic lesions.

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30
Q

What are the two virulence factors of neisseria meningitidis

A

the capsule and the endotoxin

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31
Q

how is neisseria meningitidis transmitted

A

aerosol droplets, close contact facilitates transmission

carrier rate is higher in military personnel

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32
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis diagnosed

A

symptoms, characteristics

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33
Q

How is neisseria meningitidis treated

A

i.v. penicillin or cephalosporin

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34
Q

What should high risk populations for neisseria meningitidis do

A

get the quadrivalent vaccine

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35
Q

What are enterobacteriaceae

A

a large family of gram-negative rods

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36
Q

What kinds of interaction do enterobacteriaceae have with oxygen

A

facultative aerobic

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37
Q

are enterobacteriaceae common commensals in humans

A

yes

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38
Q

what are the three types of surface antigens on enterobacteriaceae

A

O, K, and H

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39
Q

are enterobacteriaceae infections common nosocomial infections

A

yes

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40
Q

how well do disinfectants and antibiotics work against enterobacteriaceae

A

disinfectants easily kill them, antibiotics do not

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41
Q

What are the three types of enterobacteriaceae

A
  1. coliforms - those that ferment glucose
  2. noncoliforms - those that don’t ferment glucose
  3. Frank pathogens
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42
Q

What does the presence of coliforms in water indicative of

A

impure water, and poor sewage treatment

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43
Q

What is the most common and important of the enterobacteriaceae coliforms

A

Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

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44
Q

What are the most common diseases associated with E. Coli

A

UTIs and Gastroenteritis

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45
Q

What is the most common cause of non-nocosomial UTIs

A

E. Coli

46
Q

What are the two main virulence factors of E. Coli

A

pili and exotoxins

47
Q

What are the 5 main different varieties of E.Coli

A

Uropathic E. Coli - more likely to produce UTI
Enterotoxogenic E. Coli - causes diarrhea
Enteropathogenic E. Coli - infant diarrhea
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Enteroinvasive E. Coli - causes dysentary

48
Q

Why is type 1 pili of E. Coli important

A

those E. Coli with type 1 Pili can hold on to the bladder and aren’t flushed out, so they can cause a UTI. Those without it are flushed out and not pathogenic

49
Q

what causes most E. Coli Epidemics

A

undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk or juice, or fresh vegetables

50
Q

What is shigella

A

a gram-negative nonmotile bacteria that is a parasite of the human digestive system

51
Q

what is the diseases associated with shigella, and what causes it

A

the disease is a bacillary dysentary called shigellosis, the diarrhea inducing enterotoxin is what causes it

52
Q

shigella is spread by the 5 Fs, what are they

A 
flies
fingers
fomites
food
feces
53
Q

What is the shigella toxin similar to, and how

A

it is similar to the ricin toxin, it is similar because it is an AB toxin, it inactivates ribosomes, and causes apoptosis

54
Q

What happens with shigella once it enters the cell

A

it is absorbed into a phagosome, which it escapes, then polymerizes actin into a tail and flies around the cell and into others

55
Q

What does salmonella do once absorbed into marcophages

A

it multiplies in them and spreads

56
Q

Where is salmonella found

A

in the intestines and feces of most birds, reptiles and mammals

57
Q

What is the most common cause of salmonella infections for humans

A

food contaminated with animal feces

58
Q

What are the two important pathogens of salmonella

A

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

59
Q

what does Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cause

A

salmonellosis

60
Q

what does Salmonella enterica serovar typhi cause

A

typhoid fever

61
Q

Where can you find Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

A

only in humans

62
Q

how do you get Salmonella enterica serovar typhi

A

ingestion of food or water that is in from sewage contaminated with the bacteria

63
Q

What happens with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi once you ingest it

A

it goes from the intestines into the blood, to the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and gall bladder, then back into the intestines and all over again. can cause peritonitis

64
Q

Who was typhoid mary

A

a cook with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, that accidentally killed many families by feeding them contaminated food

65
Q

How is typhoid fever treated

A

with antimicrobial drugs

66
Q

how is typhoid fever prevented

A

temporary vaccines can be given to those traveling to areas where typhoid fever is endemic

67
Q

how does salmonella get through the intestinal walls

A

it causes the M-cells to ruffle so it can go through

68
Q

What is klebsiella

A

an opportunist with a capsule that protects it from phagocytosis

69
Q

what is the most common pathogenic type of klebsiella

A

Klebsiella pneumoniaea

70
Q

What does Klebsiella pneumoniaea cause

A

pneumonia, and maybe bacteremia, meningitis, wound infections, and UTIs

71
Q

What is Yersina

A

a normal pathogen of animals that can be acquired via consumption of food or water contaminated with animal feces

72
Q

What are the three important yersina species

A

Yersina enterolitica
Yersina pseudotuberculosis
Yersina pestis

73
Q

What is caused by a Yersina entericolitica infection

A

inflammation of the intestinal tract (similar symptoms to appendicitis)

74
Q

What is caused by Yersina Pseudotuberculosis

A

less severe inflammation of the intestinal tract than Yersina entericolitica

75
Q

What is caused by Yersina Pestis

A

the bubonic plague
high fever, swollen painful lymph nodes (buboes)
pneumonic plague

76
Q

How quickly does a respiratory infection of yersina pestis kill

A

2-4 days from exposure to death.

77
Q

how quickly after symptoms begin does treatment have to be started to prevent death

A

treatment must be started within 24 hours of symptoms onset or fatality is near 100%

78
Q

What are the virulence factors of yersina pestis

A

F1 capsule - antiphagocytotic
T3SS - delivers YOPS
YOPS - inhibit cytokines, destroy cytoskeleton, trigger apoptosis

79
Q

What is bordetella

A

a small aerobic nonmotile coccobacillus

80
Q

What is the most significant bordetella

A

bordetella pertussis

81
Q

what does bordetella pertussis cause

A

pertussis ((whooping cough))

82
Q

Who is most commonly infected with bordetella

A

children

83
Q

what are the virulence factors of B. pertussis

A

Adhesons

Toxins

84
Q

How is B. pertussis transmitted

A

inhaled in aerosols

85
Q

What are the two pertussis adhesons

A

filamentous hemagluttinin and perussis toxin

86
Q

What are the four B. Pertussis toxins

A

pertussis toxin
Adenylate cyclase toxin
dermonecrotic toxin
Tracheal cytotoxin

87
Q

what does pertussis toxin cause

A

increased mucus production

88
Q

what does adenylate cyclase toxin cause

A

increased mucus production and inhibition of leukocyte functions

89
Q

what does dermonecrotic toxin cause

A

constriction and hemorrhage of blood vessels

90
Q

what does tracheal cytotoxin cause

A

inhibits cilia movement and kills ciliated cells

91
Q

Where can pseudonomads be found

A

water and plants

92
Q

why are pseudonomads problematic in hospitals

A

because they can be found in numerous locations

93
Q

what is the most common human pseudonomad pathogen

A

psuedomonas aeruginosa

94
Q

Who is typically infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

immunocompromised patients

95
Q

What condition is often worsened by pseunomonas aeruginosa

A

cystic fibrosis, it increases the likelyhood of death in these patients

96
Q

what does pseudomonas aeruginosa do to protect itself from phagocytes

A

forms a biofilm

97
Q

What else is pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in

A

infections of severe burns

hot tubitis

98
Q

What are some diagnostic characteristics of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

pyocyanin - a blue-green pigment with a fruity odor

fluorescent pigment

99
Q

how easily is pseudomonas aeruginosa treated

A

not easily, it is resistant to many antibacterial drugs

100
Q

What is francisella tularensis

A

nonmotile strict aerobe found in animals, that causes tularemia

101
Q

how is francisella tularensis trasmitted to humans

A

bite of an infected tick or deerfly, or contact with an infected animal

102
Q

how infectious is francisella tularensis

A

very, less than 10 cells needed, and it can spread through unbroken skin and mucus membranes

103
Q

Why is tularemia often misdiagnosed

A

its symptoms are common to other bacterial and viral diseases

104
Q

What is different about the necessary conditions of legionella pneumophilia

A

it needs cysteine, iron and a lower pH (6.9) to grow

105
Q

how do humans become infected with legionella pneumophilia

A

inhaling the bacteria in aerosols from various water sources

106
Q

legionella are intracellular parasites

A

that is true

107
Q

What causes legionaires disease (causes pneumonia)

A

legionella pneumophilia

108
Q

how do you eliminate the legionella pneumophilia

A

you can’t, but you can reduce their numbers to successfully control it

109
Q

what kind of agar is legionella pneumophilia grown on

A

charcoal agar

110
Q

how and where does legionalla pneumophilia multiply in humans

A

it multiplies in macrophages

  1. it gets phagocytosed (OMP and Mip assist)
  2. the phagosome is coated in ribosomes and mitochondria (don’t let the phagosome fuse)
  3. legionella multiplies inside the macrophage to very high numbers, then the release a pore forming toxin and lyse the cell, then spread.

DMD 5245 (15 decks)

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