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DMD 5245 > Microbial World and Bacterial Structures (complete) > Flashcards

Microbial World and Bacterial Structures (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 types of microbes

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Protozoa
  3. Algae
  4. Prokaryotes (bacteria and Archaea)
  5. Small Animals (helminths)
  6. viruses
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2
Q

list the 6 types of microbes from smallest to largest

A
  1. viruses
  2. prokaryotes
  3. protozoa
  4. algae, small animals, and fungi
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3
Q

what are the three things that revolutionized human health against infectious disease

A
  1. chlorination of water
  2. Immunization
  3. antibiotics
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4
Q

What are Fungi?

A

Eukaryotic heterotrophs that can be multi-cellular or unicellular with cell walls composed of Chitin and beta-glucans,

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5
Q

What are unicellular fungi called

A

Yeasts

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6
Q

what are multicellular fungi called

A

molds

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7
Q

how do yeasts reproduce

A

asexually by budding

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8
Q

how do molds reproduce

A

by sexual and asexual spores

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9
Q 
which type of miccrobe causes:
ringworm
yeast infections (candidiasis)
histoplasmosis
coccidioidomycosis
cryptococcosis
pneumocystis pneumonia
A

fungi

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10
Q

What are protozoa

A

single-celled eukaryotes

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11
Q

where do you find protozoa

A

typically living freely in water, but some live inside animal hosts

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12
Q

how do protozoa reproduce

A

most often asexually

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13
Q

how are protozoa classified and what are the three classes of protozoa

A

they are classified by means of locomotion

  1. pseudopodia
  2. cilia
  3. flagella
  4. Non-motile
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14
Q

what are pseudopodia

A

cytoplasmic extensions that flow in the direction of travel

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15
Q

what are cilia

A

many short hair-like protrusions that propel protozoa

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16
Q

what are flagella

A

few, long, and whip like extensions that spin and move protozoa

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17
Q

What are algae

A

photosynthetic microbes with simple reproductive structures that can be either unicellular or multi-cellular.

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18
Q

are algae pathogenic

A

No, with one exception, their role in red tides and shellfish poisoning

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19
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

small unicellular and non-eukaryotic microbes

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20
Q

where do you find prokaryotes

A

any where there is moisture, even extreme environments

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21
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexually

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22
Q

what are the two kinds of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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23
Q

What is found in bacterial cell walls, that helps distinguish them from other cells

A

peptidoglycan

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24
Q

are any known diseases caused by archaea

A

no

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25
Q

what are helminths

A

parasitic worms

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26
Q

what are the three main types of helminths

A 
Cestodes = tapeworms (taenia)
Trematodes = Flukes (Schistosoma)
Nematodes = Roundworms (Ascaris)
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27
Q

What types of microbe causes malaria and amebiasis

A

protozoa

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28
Q

what type of microbe causes shellfish poisoning

A

algaea

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29
Q

what type of microbe causes TB and diphtheria

A

Bacteria (prokaryotes)

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30
Q

what type of microbe causes AIDS, influenza, West Nile, and SARS

A

virus’

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31
Q

What is resolution/resolving power of an eye, or microscope

A

the closest you can get two objects to each other and still see them as separate

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32
Q

what two things influence resolution/resolving power

A

the wavelength of radiation, and the Numerical Aperature (this is basically how perfect the lense is)
Wavelength/NA = resolving power

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33
Q

is a microscope with a large or small resolving power value more able to see smaller things with better detail

A

smaller values mean they are more able to see small things better

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34
Q

What are the resolving power values for the Human eye, light microscopes, and electron microscopes

A

Eye = .2 milimeters
Light microscope = .2 micrometers
electron microscope = .2 nanometers

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35
Q

What is a bright-field microscope

A

a microscope with a series of lenses, with light rays that pass through the specimen into the objective lens

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36
Q

when should you and when shouldn’t you use immersion oil?

A

you should use it when observing things with a light microscope with high magnification, and not when using low magnification

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37
Q

What is a Dark field microscope

A

a light microscope in which there is a filter that blocks direct light from reaching the specimen, all the light that hits it is from an obtuse angle. The image will have a dark background, and anything that refracted light will show up as a bright spot

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38
Q

when do you use a dark field microscope

A

when observing thin, or pale objects that are moving

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39
Q

what are phase microscopes

A

microscopes that read light rays that are out of phase different from those in phase. more dense objects show up bright, less dense ones show up dark

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40
Q

when are phase microscopes used

A

when examining living organisms that would be damaged by attaching them to slides or staining them

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41
Q

what are the two types of phase microscopes

A

phase-contrast

Nomarski DIC

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42
Q

what are fluorescent microscopes

A

microscopes that use direct UV light, things that are naturally fluorescent or have been stained to be so, show up as visible light

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43
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

microscopes that use electrons instead of light, and due to their vastly smaller wavelength they have much greater magnification potential

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44
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes

A

TEM (transmission electron microscopes)

SEM (scanning electron microscopes)

45
Q

why do you need to heat-fix a specimen to the slide

A
  1. it fixes the organism to the slide

2. it kills the organism

46
Q

why do we stain specimens for microscopy

A

to increase contrast and resolution

47
Q

what type of dye would you use to stain alkaline structures

A

acidic dyes

48
Q

what type of dye would you use to stain acidic structures

A

basic dyes

49
Q

What are simple stains

A

one stain used to highlight a structure

50
Q

what are differential stains, and what are some examples

A

when more than one stain is used to highlight multiple structures.
Gram Stain
Acid Fast Stain
Endospore stain

51
Q

what is a gram stain

A

a stain which helps you differentiate between Gram + and Gram - bacteria.
Gram + is dark purple
Gram - is pink

52
Q

what is an acid fast stain

A

a stain that highlights Acid-Fast Bacteria (mycobacteria). you know it’s acid fast bacteria because the stained bacteria doesn’t lose it’s color even when washed with acid

53
Q

what is an endospore stain

A

a stain that highlights endospores, heat is used to push staining into the endospore

54
Q

what is a negative (capsule) stain

A

a stain in which everything is stained, with the exception of the capsule of the microbe.

55
Q

What is a flagellar stain

A

a stain in which a mordant is used to coat the flagella, making it large enough to be seen, and then it is stained so you can see the flagella

56
Q

What are glycocalyces

A

Gelatinous sticky substances surrounding the cell, made of polysaccharides.

57
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyces

A

capsule

slime layer

58
Q

What is the difference between the capsule and slime layer (the two types of glycocalyces)

A

the capsule is thicker and more firmly attached to the cell surface

59
Q

What are the main functions of glycocalyces

A

Protects the cell from drying out
helps prevent the host from recognizing the cell
helps the prokaryote attach to surfaces

60
Q

What is the function of flagella

A

movement of prokaryotes

61
Q

what are the parts of flagella

A

a filament, the long hollow tail made of helical proteins around a hollow core
a hook, the curved part that connects the filament into the basal body
a basal body, connects the hook and filament into the cell wall

62
Q

how many degrees is flagella capable of rotating

A

360 degrees

63
Q

Are flagella soft and flexable, or rigid

A

rigid

64
Q

What is the name for prokaryotes with only one flagella

A

monotrichous

65
Q

what is the name for prokaryotes with many flagella on one end

A

lophotrichous

66
Q

What is the name for prokaryotes with two flagella on opposing ends

A

amphitrichous

67
Q

what is the name for prokaryotes with many flagella all over

A

peritrichous

68
Q

Can rotation be both clockwise and counterclockwise

A

Yes

69
Q

What are the two types of movements for prokaryotes with multiple flagella

A 
run (movement in a single direction for some time)
and tumble (abrupt and random changes in direction)
70
Q

when and how does a prokaryote with multiple flagella run

A

it runs in the direction of favorable stimuli, and it runs by grouping all of the flagella in one bundle and rotating them

71
Q

When and how does a prokaryote with multiple flagella tumble

A

it tumbles in response to unfavorable stimuli, and it tumbles when all of the flagella rotate randomly, not in the same direction

72
Q

how does a prokaryote with internal flagella move

A

the internal flagella cause the body of the prokaryote into a cork screw and the prokaryote cork screws and moves foreward

73
Q

What are fimbriae

A

short, sticky, bristle like projections that are used by bacteria to adhere to things

74
Q

what are pili

A

hollow tubes of pilin that are shorter than flagella, but longer than fimbriae. they are used to connect two bacteria together for conjugation

75
Q

which type of extension is important in biofilms

flagella, fimbriae, or pili

A

fimbriae

76
Q

what is conjugation for bacteria

A

when two bacteria are connected by pili, and one bacteria shares it DNA with the other

77
Q

why is the cell wall of bacteria used as a target for antibiotics

A

because animal cells don’t have cell walls, they are specific to bacterial cells

78
Q

What is found in all cell walls, and no where else, and is a target of many antibiotics

A

peptidoglycan

79
Q

What are the main functions of prokaryotic cell walls

A

provides structure
protects the cell from osmotic forces
keeps some antimicrobials out
assists in attachement

80
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan

A

long sugar chains that are cross linked by peptides

81
Q

What is unique about the peptides that form the cross links in peptidoglycan

A

some are D-amino acids, which are very rare in nature

82
Q

What are the four different types of cell walls

A
  1. Gram positive cell walls
  2. Gram negative cell walls
  3. Acid fast cell walls
  4. Archaea cell walls
83
Q

What are the key characteristics of Gram positive cell walls

A
  1. they have a thick peptidoglycan layer
  2. the peptidoglycan layer has techoic acids
  3. those techoic acids link to lipids to become lipotechoic acid, which helps hold the peptidoglycan to the cell membrane
84
Q

what are the key characteristics of Gram negative cell walls

A
  1. They have a thin peptidoglycan layer
  2. They have an inner and outer bilayer membrane (peptidoglycan in the middle)
  3. They have lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
85
Q

Why is LPS of gram negative cells signigicant? and what is another name for it?

A

it is toxic to animals, and it is called endotoxin

86
Q

lipopolysaccharide is a union between which two things

A

a lipid and a sugar

87
Q

what is the lipid portion of LPS called

A

Lipid A

88
Q

What happens to Lipid A when a gram negative bacteria dies

A

Lipid A is released from the cell and can cause fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting

89
Q

What are the key characteristics of an Acid Fast cell wall

A
  1. contains layers of a wax like lipid
  2. made up of mycolic acids
  3. They are very protected from antimicrobials
90
Q

What is the periplasmic space

A

the space between the outer membrane and plasma membrane of gram negative bacteria where the peptidoglycan layer resides

91
Q

What is signigicant about archaeal cell walls

A

they don’t contain peptidoglycan, but can still be Gram positive and Gram negative

92
Q

What are archaeal hami

A

little grappling hooks archaea used to hook on to things

93
Q

What are the two main things in fungal cell walls

A

Chitin and Beta glucans

94
Q

What shape is a coccus prokaryotic cell

A

a sphere

95
Q

what shape is a coccobacillus prokaryotic cell

A

a slightly elongated sphere

96
Q

what shape is a bacillus prokaryotic cell

A

an elongated sphere (longer than a coccobacillus)

97
Q

What is the most common method of reproduction among prokaryotes

A

binary fission

98
Q

what is binary fission

A

when a prokaryote replicates its DNA and the cell just splits into two cells

99
Q

What does STREP-tococci mean

A

it means a linear line of spherical shaped prokaryotes

100
Q

what does STAPH-ylococci mean

A

a random mass of spherical shaped prokaryotes

101
Q

What are the two families of Gram-Positive rods that make endospores

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

102
Q

Is an endospore a reproduction mechanism

A

no, it is a defense mechanism

103
Q

how many endospores can one vegetative (normal) prokaryotic cells produce

A

1

104
Q

how many vegetative cells can be produced from one endospore

A

1

105
Q

What makes endospores capable of surviving for such a long period of time?

A
  1. Extremely dehydrated
  2. Extremely resistant to drying, heat, radiation, and chemicals
  3. almost completely ametabolic
106
Q

Where in the prokaryote bacillus will you find their endospores being created?

A

Central, terminal, and subterminal

107
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes

A

cytosol
inclusions
ribosomes
cytoskeleton

108
Q

Where in the prokarytoe clostridium do you fin their endospores being created

A

Terminal only

109
Q

do the endospores of bacillus of clostridium cause the swelling of the body of the prokaryote

A

clostridium endospores cause their body to swell around the forming endospore. and because their endospores always form terminally they look a little like tennis rackets

DMD 5245 (15 decks)

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