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BLOCK OTHERS > MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Malassezia furfur - Pathogenesis

A

Causes superficial infection by producing azelaic acid and altering skin pigmentation.

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2
Q

Malassezia furfur - Clinical Features

A

Hypo- or hyperpigmented macules on the chest, back, or arms (Tinea versicolor).

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3
Q

Malassezia furfur - Diagnosis

A

KOH prep shows ‘spaghetti and meatballs’ appearance (yeast and hyphae).

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4
Q

Malassezia furfur - Treatment

A

Topical azoles or selenium sulfide shampoo.

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5
Q

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton - Pathogenesis

A

Infect keratinized tissues (stratum corneum, hair, nails) and provoke inflammatory response.

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6
Q

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton - Clinical Features

A

Tinea infections such as athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis), ringworm (Tinea corporis), and nail infections (Tinea unguium).

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7
Q

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton - Diagnosis

A

Wood’s lamp for Microsporum; KOH prep reveals segmented hyphae.

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8
Q

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton - Treatment

A

Topical or oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine, griseofulvin).

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9
Q

Sporothrix schenckii - Pathogenesis

A

Dimorphic fungus enters via skin trauma, spreading along lymphatic channels.

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10
Q

Sporothrix schenckii - Clinical Features

A

Painless nodules and ulcers along lymphatic channels (Sporotrichosis, ‘rose gardener’s disease’).

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11
Q

Sporothrix schenckii - Diagnosis

A

Culture showing dimorphic fungus; cigar-shaped yeast in tissue.

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12
Q

Sporothrix schenckii - Treatment

A

Oral itraconazole or potassium iodide (in rare cases).

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13
Q

Chromoblastomycosis - Pathogenesis

A

Trauma introduces fungi into subcutaneous tissues, leading to chronic infection.

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14
Q

Chromoblastomycosis - Clinical Features

A

Warty, verrucous lesions with a slow progression, primarily on the lower limbs.

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15
Q

Chromoblastomycosis - Diagnosis

A

KOH prep shows pigmented, ‘copper penny’ fungal cells.

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16
Q

Chromoblastomycosis - Treatment

A

Itraconazole, terbinafine, or surgical excision for severe cases.

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17
Q

Mycetoma - Pathogenesis

A

Chronic subcutaneous infection caused by fungal or bacterial agents (e.g., Madurella spp.).

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18
Q

Mycetoma - Clinical Features

A

Swollen lesion with draining sinuses containing ‘grains’ of fungi or bacteria.

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19
Q

Mycetoma - Diagnosis

A

Microscopy of grains; imaging for extent of infection.

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20
Q

Mycetoma - Treatment

A

Antifungals (e.g., itraconazole) or surgery in advanced cases.

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21
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of spores from bird or bat droppings, leading to intracellular infection in macrophages.

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22
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum - Clinical Features

A

Flu-like symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, and granulomas in disseminated disease.

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23
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum - Diagnosis

A

Urine antigen test; microscopy shows intracellular yeast in macrophages.

24
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum - Treatment

A

Itraconazole for mild cases; amphotericin B for severe disease.

25
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of spores; spreads to skin and bones in disseminated disease.

26
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis - Clinical Features

A

Pulmonary symptoms, verrucous skin lesions, and bone pain in disseminated disease.

27
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis - Diagnosis

A

Microscopy reveals broad-based budding yeast; culture confirms.

28
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis - Treatment

A

Itraconazole for mild disease; amphotericin B for severe cases.

29
Q

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of arthroconidia from soil leads to granulomatous lung disease.

30
Q

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii - Clinical Features

A

Valley fever: fever, cough, and erythema nodosum; meningitis in severe cases.

31
Q

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii - Diagnosis

A

Spherules with endospores in tissue; serology for antibodies.

32
Q

Coccidioides immitis/posadasii - Treatment

A

Fluconazole or itraconazole; amphotericin B for severe cases.

33
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of spores; disseminates to mucous membranes and skin.

34
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Clinical Features

A

Mucocutaneous ulcers, lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary symptoms.

35
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Diagnosis

A

Microscopy shows ‘pilot’s wheel’ or ‘Mickey Mouse’ yeast.

36
Q

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Treatment

A

Itraconazole for mild cases; amphotericin B for severe cases.

37
Q

Candida albicans - Pathogenesis

A

Normal flora that overgrows in immunocompromised states, forming pseudohyphae.

38
Q

Candida albicans - Clinical Features

A

Oral thrush, vulvovaginitis, esophagitis, diaper rash, or disseminated candidiasis.

39
Q

Candida albicans - Diagnosis

A

KOH prep reveals budding yeast and pseudohyphae; culture confirms.

40
Q

Candida albicans - Treatment

A

Fluconazole for localized infections; echinocandins or amphotericin B for systemic disease.

41
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of encapsulated yeast from pigeon droppings; causes CNS infection in immunocompromised.

42
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans - Clinical Features

A

Meningitis, fever, headache, and altered mental status.

43
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans - Diagnosis

A

India ink stain reveals encapsulated yeast; cryptococcal antigen test.

44
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans - Treatment

A

Amphotericin B with flucytosine, followed by fluconazole.

45
Q

Aspergillus spp. - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of spores; causes allergic, invasive, or chronic infections depending on immune status.

46
Q

Aspergillus spp. - Clinical Features

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergillomas (fungus balls), or invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients.

47
Q

Aspergillus spp. - Diagnosis

A

Galactomannan antigen test; hyphae show acute-angle branching in tissue.

48
Q

Aspergillus spp. - Treatment

A

Voriconazole or amphotericin B; surgical resection for aspergillomas.

49
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus spp. - Pathogenesis

A

Inhalation of spores causes angioinvasion, particularly in diabetics and immunocompromised.

50
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus spp. - Clinical Features

A

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: necrosis of nasal tissues, palate, and brain.

51
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus spp. - Diagnosis

A

Histology shows broad, nonseptate hyphae with right-angle branching.

52
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus spp. - Treatment

A

Amphotericin B and surgical debridement.

53
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii - Pathogenesis

A

Causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV/AIDS).

54
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii - Clinical Features

A

Progressive dyspnea, hypoxia, and bilateral ground-glass opacities on imaging.

55
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii - Diagnosis

A

Silver stain shows cysts; PCR or antigen detection.

56
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii - Treatment

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

BLOCK OTHERS (6 decks)

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