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HELMINTHES Flashcards

1
Q

What are helminths?

A

Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms, including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes), that infect humans.

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2
Q

How are helminths transmitted?

A

Transmission occurs through ingestion of eggs or larvae (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides), skin penetration (e.g., hookworms), or insect vectors (e.g., filariasis).

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3
Q

What are the clinical features of ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)?

A

Symptoms include abdominal pain, malnutrition, intestinal obstruction, and respiratory symptoms due to migrating larvae.

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4
Q

How is ascariasis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is made by identifying eggs in stool samples or imaging for complications like obstruction.

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5
Q

What is the treatment for ascariasis?

A

Albendazole or mebendazole is the drug of choice.

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6
Q

How is hookworm infection transmitted?

A

Hookworms are transmitted by larvae penetrating the skin, often through contact with contaminated soil.

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7
Q

What are the clinical features of hookworm infection?

A

Symptoms include iron-deficiency anemia, fatigue, and malnutrition, along with localized skin irritation at the site of larval entry.

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8
Q

How is hookworm infection diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is based on stool examination to detect eggs.

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9
Q

What is the treatment for hookworm infection?

A

Albendazole or mebendazole is used to treat hookworm infections, along with iron supplementation for anemia.

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis (Schistosoma species)?

A

Symptoms include hematuria (urinary schistosomiasis) or diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hepatosplenomegaly (intestinal schistosomiasis). Chronic cases can lead to organ damage.

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11
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted?

A

Schistosomiasis is transmitted by contact with freshwater containing larvae released by infected snails.

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12
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis involves detecting eggs in stool or urine and serological tests for chronic infections.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel is the drug of choice for all forms of schistosomiasis.

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of taeniasis (Taenia solium and Taenia saginata)?

A

Symptoms include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. In cysticercosis (caused by larval stages), seizures and neurological symptoms can occur.

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15
Q

How is taeniasis transmitted?

A

Humans acquire taeniasis by ingesting raw or undercooked meat containing cysticerci (larval forms of the parasite).

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16
Q

How is taeniasis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis involves stool microscopy to identify eggs or proglottids and imaging (e.g., CT or MRI) for neurocysticercosis.

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17
Q

What is the treatment for taeniasis?

A

Intestinal infections are treated with praziquantel or niclosamide, while neurocysticercosis is treated with albendazole and corticosteroids.

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18
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis transmitted?

A

Filariasis is transmitted through mosquito bites, particularly by Anopheles, Culex, or Aedes species.

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19
Q

What are the clinical features of lymphatic filariasis?

A

Symptoms include lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele due to chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels.

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20
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis involves detecting microfilariae in blood smears or antigen detection tests.

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21
Q

What is the treatment for lymphatic filariasis?

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin is used for treatment, along with measures to manage lymphedema.

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22
Q

How is strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis) transmitted?

A

Transmission occurs when larvae in contaminated soil penetrate the skin.

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23
Q

What are the clinical features of strongyloidiasis?

A

Symptoms include gastrointestinal discomfort, urticaria (skin rash), and in severe cases, disseminated infection in immunosuppressed individuals.

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24
Q

How is strongyloidiasis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is made by detecting larvae in stool samples or through serological tests.

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25
What is the treatment for strongyloidiasis?
Ivermectin is the preferred treatment for strongyloidiasis.
26
Ascaris lumbricoides - Transmission
Fecal-oral route through ingestion of eggs in contaminated food or water.
27
Ascaris lumbricoides - Site of Infection
Primarily the small intestine; larvae can migrate through the lungs.
28
Ascaris lumbricoides - Mechanism of Infection
Larvae hatch in the intestine, migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs, are coughed up and swallowed, then mature in the intestine.
29
Ascaris lumbricoides - Clinical Presentation
Abdominal pain, malnutrition, intestinal obstruction, and pulmonary symptoms during larval migration (e.g., Loeffler's syndrome).
30
Ascaris lumbricoides - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs; imaging may reveal worms in intestines.
31
Ascaris lumbricoides - Treatment
Albendazole or mebendazole.
32
Hookworms - Transmission
Larvae penetrate the skin, often through bare feet.
33
Hookworms - Site of Infection
Small intestine; larvae migrate through the lungs.
34
Hookworms - Mechanism of Infection
Larvae enter the bloodstream, travel to the lungs, are coughed up, swallowed, and mature in the intestine.
35
Hookworms - Clinical Presentation
Iron deficiency anemia, fatigue, abdominal pain, cutaneous larva migrans at the site of entry.
36
Hookworms - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs.
37
Hookworms - Treatment
Albendazole or mebendazole; iron supplementation for anemia.
38
Schistosoma species - Transmission
Contact with freshwater containing infected snails that release cercariae.
39
Schistosoma species - Site of Infection
Blood vessels near the bladder (S. haematobium) or intestines (S. mansoni, S. japonicum).
40
Schistosoma species - Mechanism of Infection
Cercariae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and mature in the liver before migrating to target organs.
41
Schistosoma species - Clinical Presentation
Hematuria (S. haematobium), portal hypertension, diarrhea, abdominal pain (S. mansoni, S. japonicum), and chronic complications like bladder cancer.
42
Schistosoma species - Diagnosis
Detection of eggs in stool or urine; serology and imaging may aid diagnosis.
43
Schistosoma species - Treatment
Praziquantel.
44
Taenia solium - Transmission
Ingestion of undercooked pork containing cysticerci or eggs from contaminated hands or surfaces.
45
Taenia solium - Site of Infection
Intestines (taeniasis) and tissues like brain or muscles (cysticercosis).
46
Taenia solium - Mechanism of Infection
Eggs develop into larvae and migrate to tissues (cysticercosis), or cysticerci mature into tapeworms in the intestines.
47
Taenia solium - Clinical Presentation
Abdominal discomfort (taeniasis); seizures, headaches, or other neurological symptoms in neurocysticercosis.
48
Taenia solium - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs (taeniasis); imaging or serology for cysticercosis.
49
Taenia solium - Treatment
Praziquantel or albendazole (neurocysticercosis requires corticosteroids and possible surgical intervention).
50
Taenia saginata - Transmission
Ingestion of undercooked beef containing cysticerci.
51
Taenia saginata - Site of Infection
Small intestine.
52
Taenia saginata - Mechanism of Infection
Cysticerci mature into adult tapeworms in the intestines.
53
Taenia saginata - Clinical Presentation
Mild abdominal discomfort or asymptomatic.
54
Taenia saginata - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs or proglottids.
55
Taenia saginata - Treatment
Praziquantel or niclosamide.
56
Strongyloides stercoralis - Transmission
Larvae penetrate the skin, often through bare feet.
57
Strongyloides stercoralis - Site of Infection
Small intestine; larvae may migrate systemically.
58
Strongyloides stercoralis - Mechanism of Infection
Larvae enter the bloodstream, migrate to the lungs, are swallowed, and mature in the intestines; autoinfection may occur.
59
Strongyloides stercoralis - Clinical Presentation
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, or disseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts.
60
Strongyloides stercoralis - Diagnosis
Stool examination for larvae or serology.
61
Strongyloides stercoralis - Treatment
Ivermectin or albendazole.
62
Lymphatic filariae - Transmission
Mosquito bite transmitting microfilariae.
63
Lymphatic filariae - Site of Infection
Lymphatic system.
64
Lymphatic filariae - Mechanism of Infection
Larvae mature in lymphatic vessels, causing blockage and inflammation.
65
Lymphatic filariae - Clinical Presentation
Lymphedema, elephantiasis, hydrocele.
66
Lymphatic filariae - Diagnosis
Detection of microfilariae in blood smear; antigen tests.
67
Lymphatic filariae - Treatment
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin with albendazole.
68
Echinococcus granulosus - Transmission
Ingestion of eggs from contaminated food, water, or contact with infected dogs.
69
Echinococcus granulosus - Site of Infection
Liver, lungs, or other organs forming hydatid cysts.
70
Echinococcus granulosus - Mechanism of Infection
Eggs hatch in the intestines, larvae migrate to organs forming cysts.
71
Echinococcus granulosus - Clinical Presentation
Abdominal pain, cyst rupture can cause anaphylaxis.
72
Echinococcus granulosus - Diagnosis
Imaging (ultrasound, CT) and serology.
73
Echinococcus granulosus - Treatment
Albendazole or surgical removal of cysts.
74
Lung flukes - Transmission
Ingestion of raw or undercooked crustaceans containing metacercariae.
75
Lung flukes - Site of Infection
Lungs.
76
Lung flukes - Mechanism of Infection
Metacercariae excyst in the intestines, migrate to the lungs, and mature into adult flukes.
77
Lung flukes - Clinical Presentation
Cough, chest pain, hemoptysis.
78
Lung flukes - Diagnosis
Sputum or stool examination for eggs; imaging.
79
Lung flukes - Treatment
Praziquantel.
80
Liver flukes - Transmission
Ingestion of raw freshwater fish containing metacercariae.
81
Liver flukes - Site of Infection
Bile ducts.
82
Liver flukes - Mechanism of Infection
Metacercariae excyst in the intestines, migrate to bile ducts, and mature into adult flukes.
83
Liver flukes - Clinical Presentation
Abdominal pain, jaundice, cholangitis.
84
Liver flukes - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs or imaging.
85
Liver flukes - Treatment
Praziquantel or triclabendazole.
86
Intestinal flukes - Transmission
Ingestion of aquatic plants or fish contaminated with metacercariae.
87
Intestinal flukes - Site of Infection
Small intestine.
88
Intestinal flukes - Mechanism of Infection
Metacercariae excyst in the intestines and mature into adult flukes.
89
Intestinal flukes - Clinical Presentation
Diarrhea, abdominal pain.
90
Intestinal flukes - Diagnosis
Stool examination for eggs.
91
Intestinal flukes - Treatment
Praziquantel.

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