mycology

Question 1

some beneficial uses of fungi

Answer 1

mushrooms , truffles, food and drink processing ; cheese, wine, bread
ecosystem- decomposition
drugs: anti cholesterol and antibiotics(penicillin)
mycorrhizae (symbiotic rel between fungi and green plants)
lichens (symbiotic rel between fungi and algae)
genetic engineering
biological controls

Question 2

what are dermatophytes

Answer 2

pathogenic fungi that grow and cause infections of hair, skin and nails

Question 3

examples of dermatophytes

Answer 3

Trichophyton rubrum and trichophyton mentagrophytes

Question 4

fungi that are non pathogenic are called:

Answer 4

opportunistic

Question 5

in what 3 ways are fungal infections detected

Answer 5

microscopic, serology (detect antibodies or fungal antigens) and culture

Question 6

classification of fungal diseases and what they are

Answer 6

superficial: hair and nail infections, very superficial surfaces of skin and hair
Cutaneous : infections of the skin and mucous membranes, affect keratinized layer of skin, hair and nails
Subcutanoeus: affect subcutaneous layers of tiisues, deeper layers of the skin, cornea, muscle and connective tissues and may affect bone
systemic: affect any organ in the body and may disseminate via the bloodstream.

Question 7

exaples of a mycoses of each classification of fungal diseases

Answer 7

superficial: Tinea capitis
cut: Tinea corporis
Subcut: Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis
systemic: Cryptococcosis, Candidemia.

Question 8

yeasts vs moulds

Answer 8

yeasts: unicellular, cell wall made of various polysaccharides mostly glucan and mannan, moslty reproduce through budding (can still form spores for sexual)

moulds: multicellular organisms consisting of threadlike tubular structures called hyphae, cell wall mostly of chitin, hyphae can combine to form a mycelium and grow via apical extension, they may reproduce asexually via conidiogenesis (conidia)

Question 9

examples of yeasts

Answer 9

Candida albicans
cryptococcus neoformans
saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 10

two types of budding in yeasts

Answer 10

axial and bipolar: axial form new buds adjacent to the preceding division site and bipolar form new buds form at either pole of the cell

Question 11

what organisms carry out axial and bipolar budding

Answer 11

axial- haploid yeasts
bipolar: diploid yeasts

Question 12

advantage of axial budding

Answer 12

daughter cells are kept together and can mate

Question 13

how are budding patterns regulated?

Answer 13

genetically

Question 14

aseptate/coenocytic hyphae vs septate

Answer 14

aseptate are hollow, long cytoplasm, no partitions, and multinucleated
septate, divided by partitions

Question 15

3 forms of fungi

Answer 15

yeasts, pseudophyae, hyphae

Question 16

what are fungi that take up more than one form called?

Answer 16

dimorphic

Question 17

what does what form they take depend on?

Answer 17

the ecnternal factors such as nutrient avaliability and temperature

Question 18

example of dimorphic fungus

Answer 18

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 19

mention specieis that can take all 3 forms of fungus (pseudophyphae, hyphae and yeast)

Answer 19

Candida albicans

Question 20

Candida species that can take form of budding yeast and pseudohyphae and Candida species that can take form of budding yeast cell

Answer 20

Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata

Question 21

sexual state of fungi and asexual state

Answer 21

sexual:teleomorph
asexual: anamorph

Question 22

3 phyla of kingdom fungi

Answer 22

basidiomycota
ascomycota
zygomycota

Question 23

4th phylum; name and why it isnt a true phyla

Answer 23

Deuteromycota
the sexual state of some fungi hasnt eben identified yet, and therefore placed here. they are also known as Fungi Imperfecti

Question 24

what state are fungi in the lab

Answer 24

asexual state as they are cultivated there. when cultivated in a lab it is either + or -.

Question 25

compare hyphae of 3 phyla

Answer 25

basidiomycota: septate with complex septal pore called dolipore, allwos fro cytoplasmic and not nucleic migration, dikaryotic and have clamp connections over septa

ascomycota: septate with simple pore allows for cytoplasmic and nucleic migration

zygomycota: aseptate