MW L1 The Inflammatory Process

Question 1

Infection is

Answer 1

‘catching and spreading’

involves microbes colonising a host

Question 2

Immunity is

Answer 2

‘protection from infection or disease’

-but includes autoimmunity

Question 3

Inflammation is

Answer 3

‘set alight’

part of immunity and stimulated by infection and other injury

Question 4

What is the point of the inflammatory process?

Answer 4

Attack and remove cause of injury, repair damaged tissue

beneficial and self protecting

Question 5

5 factors of inflammation

Answer 5

• heat
• redness
• swelling
• pain
• loss of funciton

Question 6

What neurones modulate nociception?

Answer 6

Sensory neurones

Question 7

Sensory neurones release neuropeptides such as ………… and …………… which contribute to redness and swelling

Answer 7

Substance p

Calcitonin

Question 8

Mast cells release (2)

Answer 8

histamine and PGs

Question 9

Inflam involves interplay between…. (5)

Answer 9

• microvasculature
• leukocytes
• nerves
• tissue cells (structural & immune)
• chemical mediators of inflammation

Question 10

RA affects ……… of the population

age of onset?

Answer 10

1-2%

30-50

Question 11

RA affects what ration of women to men

Answer 11

3 women : 1 man

Question 12

RA has complex pathology involving what factors: (5)

Answer 12

genetic
immunological
hormonal
neuronal
environmental

Question 13

Why does RA remis in pregnancy?

Answer 13

hormonal changes

Question 14

Loss of cartilage, bone erosion in RA is mediated by….

Answer 14

MMP

Matrix MetaloProteinases

Question 15

MMP are secreted by….

Answer 15

synovial fibroblasts

chondrocytes

Question 16

What causes loss of mobility in RA?

Answer 16

Fibrosis tissue formation (scarring)

Question 17

2 inflammatory mediators particularly implicated in RA?

Where do these come from?

Answer 17

TNF alpha
IL1 beta

from macrophages

Question 18

What activates tissue cells in RA?

What is this driven by?

Answer 18

infiltrating leukocytes

driven by inflammatory mediators and cytokines derived from macrophages

Question 19

What is the role of T and C lymphocytes in RA?

Answer 19

maintain cytokine production

Question 20

Name 3 granulocytes

Answer 20

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 21

Leukocytes are also known as …………. and are divided into (2)

Answer 21

Granulocytes and mononuclear cells

Question 22

What three mononuclear cells are involved in RA?

Answer 22

Monocytes (i.e. macrophages)

Lymphocytes (T and B cells)

Question 23

What is the role of the macrophage?

Answer 23

big eater!
defence against environment
-phagocytosis
-respiritory burst

Question 24

How long do macrophages stick around for?

Answer 24

months

Question 25

Where do macrophages come from?

Answer 25

blood monocytes

Question 26

Macrophages are a major source of .............

Answer 26

Cytokines

Question 27

Lymphocytes are defined by ..............

Answer 27

surface antigens, the cytokines they make function

Question 28

T cells all express

Answer 28

CD3+ surface antigen

Question 29

Name some T cells

Answer 29

``` T-helper (Th1 & Th2) T-cytotoxic (CD8+) NK Th17 (releases IL17) T regulatory cells ```

Question 30

T cells are the controllers of ........................... immune system

Answer 30

specific

Question 31

T cells subsets are associated with secretion of .........................

Answer 31

different cytokines, an imbalance of which leads to disease

Question 32

Who to Th cells help?

Answer 32

Th cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Question 33

chemical mediators of inflammation are specific or nonspecific?

Answer 33

nonspecific

Question 34

5 e.g. of chemical mediators of inflammation

Answer 34

``` preformed & released - histamine, purines, proteases membrane derived - PG, leukotrienes peptides - kinins and neuropeptides proteins - cytokines, complement ROS ```

Question 35

Why is inflammation beneficial? (5)

Answer 35

Redness - increased blood flow Swelling - increased vascular perm Allows removal of damaged tissue/infectious agents Supplies new materials for repair Tells body to rest (pain and loss of function)