MW L1 The Inflammatory Process Flashcards
Infection is
‘catching and spreading’
involves microbes colonising a host
Immunity is
‘protection from infection or disease’
-but includes autoimmunity
Inflammation is
‘set alight’
part of immunity and stimulated by infection and other injury
What is the point of the inflammatory process?
Attack and remove cause of injury, repair damaged tissue
beneficial and self protecting
5 factors of inflammation
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- loss of funciton
What neurones modulate nociception?
Sensory neurones
Sensory neurones release neuropeptides such as ………… and …………… which contribute to redness and swelling
Substance p
Calcitonin
Mast cells release (2)
histamine and PGs
Inflam involves interplay between…. (5)
- microvasculature
- leukocytes
- nerves
- tissue cells (structural & immune)
- chemical mediators of inflammation
RA affects ……… of the population
age of onset?
1-2%
30-50
RA affects what ration of women to men
3 women : 1 man
RA has complex pathology involving what factors: (5)
genetic immunological hormonal neuronal environmental
Why does RA remis in pregnancy?
hormonal changes
Loss of cartilage, bone erosion in RA is mediated by….
MMP
Matrix MetaloProteinases
MMP are secreted by….
synovial fibroblasts
chondrocytes
What causes loss of mobility in RA?
Fibrosis tissue formation (scarring)
2 inflammatory mediators particularly implicated in RA?
Where do these come from?
TNF alpha
IL1 beta
from macrophages
What activates tissue cells in RA?
What is this driven by?
infiltrating leukocytes
driven by inflammatory mediators and cytokines derived from macrophages
What is the role of T and C lymphocytes in RA?
maintain cytokine production
Name 3 granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Leukocytes are also known as …………. and are divided into (2)
Granulocytes and mononuclear cells
What three mononuclear cells are involved in RA?
Monocytes (i.e. macrophages)
Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
What is the role of the macrophage?
big eater!
defence against environment
-phagocytosis
-respiritory burst
How long do macrophages stick around for?
months
Where do macrophages come from?
blood monocytes
Macrophages are a major source of ………….
Cytokines
Lymphocytes are defined by …………..
surface antigens,
the cytokines they make
function
T cells all express
CD3+ surface antigen
Name some T cells
T-helper (Th1 & Th2) T-cytotoxic (CD8+) NK Th17 (releases IL17) T regulatory cells
T cells are the controllers of ……………………… immune system
specific
T cells subsets are associated with secretion of …………………….
different cytokines, an imbalance of which leads to disease
Who to Th cells help?
Th cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
chemical mediators of inflammation are specific or nonspecific?
nonspecific
5 e.g. of chemical mediators of inflammation
preformed & released - histamine, purines, proteases membrane derived - PG, leukotrienes peptides - kinins and neuropeptides proteins - cytokines, complement ROS
Why is inflammation beneficial? (5)
Redness - increased blood flow
Swelling - increased vascular perm
Allows removal of damaged tissue/infectious agents
Supplies new materials for repair
Tells body to rest (pain and loss of function)
