mutatitions

Question 1

wild-type

Answer 1

natural state of an organism from nature

Question 2

genotype

Answer 2

hereditary genetic info

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

observable traits - expression of genotype

Question 4

mutation

Answer 4

change in genotype

Question 5

point mutation

Answer 5

changes a single base in a nucleotide sequence, can be minimal or severe based on location

Question 6

point mutation

Answer 6

changes a single base in a nucleotide sequence, can be minimal or severe based on location

Question 7

silent mutations

Answer 7

a point mutation that doesn’t change the amino acid

redundancy/wobble effect

Question 8

missense mutations

Answer 8

point mutation that results in a different amino acid in a chain

Question 9

nonsense mutation

Answer 9

point mutation that results in a new stop codon

Question 10

deletion mutations

Answer 10

can remove sections of genes, promotors, terminators

we assume unless otherwise stated that this DOESN’T result in a frame shift, 3 base pairs exactly are deleted

Question 11

frame shift mutation

Answer 11

deletion mutation that results in a shift of the reading frame - very severe generally

Question 12

operons

Answer 12

share a promoter and terminus but include multiple coding regions for different genes

Question 13

positive regulation

Answer 13

reg protein binds to operator and increases transcription

Question 14

negative regulation

Answer 14

reg protein binds to operator and decreases transcription

Question 15

review of lac operon

Answer 15

lacI a repressor so binds to promoter and prevents transcription of lacZYA, but when lactose is present it causes allosteric changes to the reg protein lacI which prevent it from binding to the operator, therefore lac ZYA are transcribed

Question 16

review of mal operon

Answer 16

malT is an activator, but cannot bind to operator when maltose is absent therefore low transcription of malPQ

Question 17

constitutively expressed genes

Answer 17

not regulated, transcribed at all times

Question 18

non-constitutively expressed genes

Answer 18

regulated, rate of transcription depends on the environment

Question 19

what would missense mutation in functional region of lacI mean for transcrip of lac operon

Answer 19

high levels of transcription, missense in functional means it wont be able to bind properly to operator and act as a repressor therefore lac is expressed