macromolecules

Question 1

locations of macromolecules in the cell

Answer 1

lipids - cell membrane

nucleic acids - DNA/RNA

proteins - everywhere

carbohydrates - energy source, in the cell wall

Question 2

Protein monomer and covalent bond

Answer 2

amino acids, peptide bonds

Question 3

nucleic acid monomer and covalent bond

Answer 3

nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds

Question 4

carbohydrate monomer and covalent bonds

Answer 4

monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Question 5

lipds

Answer 5

fatty acids linked by ester linkages

Question 6

what part of existing amino acid is important for forming a bond with the next one

Answer 6

the carboxyl group - N -> C directionality

Question 7

what part of existing amino acid is important for forming a bond with the next one

Answer 7

the carboxyl group - N -> C directionality

Question 8

directionality of nucleic acids

Answer 8

5’ - 3’, new nucleotides added to 3’ end of existing

Question 8

directionality of nucleic acids

Answer 8

5’ - 3’, new nucleotides added to 3’ end of existing

Question 9

carbohydrate directionality

Answer 9

4’ to 1’ (4’ end of incoming added to 1’ end of 1st monosaccharide

Question 10

carbohydrate directionality

Answer 10

4’ to 1’ (4’ end of incoming added to 1’ end of 1st monosaccharide

Question 11

why do macromolecules assemble in the cell?

Answer 11

non-covalent interactions

Question 12

non covalent interactions that could occur between water and phospholipid head

Answer 12

ion-pd, pd-pd, hydrogen, ion-pd is most likely

Question 13

what nc interactions could occur between water and phospholipid tails?

Answer 13

PD-ID

Question 14

nc interaction lipid tails w/ each other

Answer 14

ID-ID

Question 15

nc interactions water molecules w/ each other

Answer 15

H bonds

Question 16

lipid bilayer

Answer 16

heads and double tails

Question 17

liposome

Answer 17

mixed lipid types, artificially made

Question 18

micelle

Answer 18

like a beach ball just heads on the outside, bulky heads and single tails

Question 19

enthalpy

Answer 19

how strongly bonded a system is

Question 20

entropy

Answer 20

freedom of components of a system

Question 21

what entropy and enthalpy mean spontanaety

Answer 21

positive entropy, negative enthalpy

Question 22

what entropy and enthalpy mean spontanaety

Answer 22

positive entropy, negative enthalpy

Question 23

what is the largest contributer to system stability in bilayer formation?

Answer 23

entropy of water - wants maximum mobility/freedom

Question 24

hydrophobic effect

Answer 24

tendancy of non polar groups to cluster together away from water - increases system stability by increasing the entropy of water

Question 25

hydrophobic effect

Answer 25

tendancy of non polar groups to cluster together away from water - increases system stability by increasing the entropy of water

Question 26

three symbol things that describe system stability/spontenaety

Answer 26

gibbs free energy - negative if spont

H enthalpy - strength of bonds

S entropy - motionaly free vs motionaly restricted

Question 27

molecules that can typically pass through the membrane

Answer 27

small, non-polar molecules

Question 28

types of transport

Answer 28

active transport (req energy)
- can be primary (directly using ATP) or secondary (using electrochem gradients etc created by ATP to pump)

passive transport along concentration gradient (not req energy)
- can be simple diffusion through membrane or facilitated diffusion through channel proteins (faster)

Question 29

important things about channel proteins

Answer 29

can be open or gated

selective

molecules must interact with the protein channel

provide a hydrophilic passageway

generally faster than carrier proteins

Question 30

carrier proteins

Answer 30

gated

open and closed formations, undergoes conformational change to open and close protein