Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 112 > cellular respiration > Flashcards

cellular respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration overview

A

results in complete oxidation of CO2

4 stages:
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

captures energy released in each reaction in the form of ATP. energy not captured as ATP can be stored as NAHD or FADH2 which go through the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

location of glycolysis

A

cytosol (fluid of the cytoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many rxns in glycolysis

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where do the steps of cellular respiration occur in bacteria?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle in the cytosol

oxphos in the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where do the steps of cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes

A

glycolysis - cytoplasm/cytosol

pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle - mitochondria

oxphos - mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary inputs and outputs of each stage of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis: inputs, glucose; outputs, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate

pyruvate processing: inputs, pyruvate; outputs, CO2, acetyl-CoA

citric acid cycle: inputs, acetyl CoA; outputs, CO2, ATP

Oxphos: inputs, NADH, FADH2; outputs, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

when an enzyme catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated molecule (substrate) to ADP forming ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

occurs in the mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes) or cell membrane (prokaryotes) and involves the protein ATP synthase and proton gradient driven ATP phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phases/ process of glycolyis

A

phase 1: 2ATP phosphyorylate a 6C sugar w/ 2 negatively charged phosphate groups

phase 2: cleavage phase

6C sugar is cleaved into two 3C molecules
results in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, dihydroxyactone is then split into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules, each of which eventually produce 2 atp molecules

phase 3: energy payoff phase
4 ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation
G3P reduced by removal of 4 electrons
2NAD+ become 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

input - 2 NAD+, 2ATP, glucose

output - 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (4 produced throughout but 2 also used so net increase in 2 ATP)

technically AD Pis released as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what may NAD+/NADH accept/donate?

A

NAD+ can accept 2 electrons in the form of hydrogen

NADH can donate 2 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what may NAD+/NADH accept/donate?

A

NAD+ can accept 2 electrons in the form of hydrogen

NADH can donate 2 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fermentation definition

A

a metabolic process which converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol

an alternate pathway following glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which cells can ferment?

A

bacteria, yeast, muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

by what means does fermentation produce ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

17
Q

what are the two types of fermentation?

A

ethanol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation

18
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

NADH transfers electrons directly to pyruvate, generates lactate as a byproduct (the deprotonated form of lactic acid)

this regenerates NAD+ which can reenter glycolysis

19
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

NADH donates donates electrons to a derivative of pyruvate, producing ethanol - TWO STEP PROCESS
releases CO2, regenerates NAD+, form ethanol

20
Q

pyruvate processing

A

pyruvate from glycolysis transported into the mitochondria via a carrier protein.

gives up 2 electrons to NAD+ —> NADH
oxidizes one carbon —> CO2

this leaves an acetyl (CH3OH group

transfered to coenzyme A forming acetyl-CoA

NAD+ —> NADH high energy intermediate in this process

21
Q

substrate inputs and outputs of acetyl CoA synthesis

high energy intermediates of pyruvate processing

A

pyruvate, acetyl CoA, Coenzyme A, CO2

NAD+ —> NADH

22
Q

citric acid cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle / Krebb’s cycle

A

8 step process

acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) –> citrate (6C)

throughout the cycle, 2 CO2, 3NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 3 H+ ions produced

**1ATP produced from GTP, counts as part of cycle

8th step, malate is converted into oxaloacetate which may reenter the cycle

consider, glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate and 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA therefore double the output of a single cycle

23
Q

summary of all inputs and ouputs of the citric acid cycle (ignoring water) sep into high energy intermediates and substrates etc

A

substrates etc - in–> acetyl-CoA, CoA, out –> CO2, CoA

high energy - in–> NAD+, FAD, ADP (or GDP), out –> NADH, FADH2, ATP (or GTP)

24
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondria (eukaryotes)

the plasma membrane (eukaryotes/bacteria)

25
Q

oxidative phosphorylation overall

A
  1. electrons are delivered by high energy intermediates NADH and FADH2
  2. energy captured by electrons passed along the electron transport chain in a step down process
  3. provides the energy needed to pump protons across mitochondrial membrane (against the concentration gradient) into the intermembrane space
  4. proton flow through ATP synthase results in indirect synthesis of ATP
26
Q

complex I and II in oxidative phosphorylation

A

complex 1 reduces NADH (prod 1 H+), complex 2 reduces FADH2 (prod 2 H+),

27
Q

complex III/ transfer from first complexes

A

Coenzyme Q is CoQH2, transfers electrons from complexes 1 and 2 to complex 3

delivers 2 electrons and 2 protons, transfers them from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and pumps more protons into the intermembrane space

28
Q

complex IV electron transport chain

A

cytochrome c carries electrons to complex IV where oxygen is reduced to form water

29
Q

production of the proton gradient ETC

A

transport of electrons in complexes I, II, III, IV coupled w transport of protons across the membrane against the proton gradient into the intermembrane space, creating both a concentration and a electrical charge gradient - electrochemical

30
Q

O2 role in the electron transport chain

A

the final electron acceptor at the end of the chain from complex IV, therefore TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, and is reduced to water

31
Q

final production of ATP

A

the facilitated diffusion of protons along the concentration gradient through ATP synthase (which is made of two components) causes the complex to rotate which thus converts potential energy from the gradient –> kinetic energy / rotational energy which allows for the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrial matrix

32
Q

operation of ATP synthase

A

composed of F1 and F0 subunits, F0 forming a channel that rotates as protons pass through, and F1 using this rotational energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP

33
Q

what side of the matrix are the bulk of protein complexes involved in the electron transfer chain located on?

A

the matrix side

34
Q

What does DNP do and what effect does it have on the ETC?

A

embeds itself in the mitochondrial matrix and acts as a channel for H+ to pass through

  1. H+ gradient is lost
  2. ATP synthesis slows then stops
  3. NADH will increase due to increased catalysis of glucose
  4. oxygen consumption is increased
35
Q

why do DNP pill result in weight loss?

A

Rate of glucose catabolism increases

36
Q

total cellular respiration process, approx ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation vs oxidative phosphorylation

A

4 by sub level, 28 by oxphos, 32 total

37
Q

terminal electron acceptor for aerobic cellular respiration

+ what does it mean about the molecule if it’s a terminal electron acceptor

A

O2

molecule originates in the environmentd

38
Q

key components of anaerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen is not the TEA, alternatively nitrate and sulfate are common

inorganic compounds such as H2, H2S are used as electron sources rather than glucose

39
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic vs fermentation

A

aerobic - O2 as TEA

anaerobic - another electron acceptor ( not TEA ) ex NO3, SO4

fermentation - no O2 or TEA

Bio 112 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions