Mutations/Probability Flashcards
Mutation
Any change in DNA sequence/RNA.
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologus chromosomes to seperate during meiosis.
Monosomy
Missing a chromosome.
Trisomy
Extra chromosome(s)
Lethal Mutations cause
half of all miscarriges.
Substitution
A singel change in 1 nucleotide (can have no effect)
Frameshift
Nucleotides shift to fill in spaces/make room.
Deletion
A nucleotide is missing, causes a framshift. (Harmful).
Insertion
An extra nucleotide is added, causes a frameshift. (Harmful).
Gene
Location on DNA that carries heritable information.
Diploid
2n, have pairs of genes on homologus chromosomes.
Allele
Alternative form of gene. AA, aa, Aa.
Hybrid
Offspring that has 2 different alleles for a gene.
Homozygous
2 identical alleles.
Heterozygous
2 different alleles.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype
Physical appearance of an allele.
Dominant
Trait that masks the apperance of another trait.
Recessive
The trait that is masked in a heterozygous offspring.
Homozygous Dominant
Pair of Dominant alleles, AA.
Homozygous Recessive
Pair of recessive alleles, aa.
Heterozygous
One of each allele, Aa.
P
True breed parent generation.
F1
1st generation of offspring.
F2
Offspring of F1.
Law of Segregation
Each allele of the pair sorts to a seperate gamete.
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes get sorted into different gametes independent of eachother.
Probabilty
Liklyhood that an event will occur.
Complete Dominance
In a heterozygote, one allele completly covers another.
Incomplete Dominance
Alleles blend in a heterozygote.
Codominance
Both alleles are exspressed but do not blend.
Polygenic
Traits controlled by more than one gene.
Sex-Linked
Traits found on X Chromosome.
Pedigree
Family tree of genes.
Open Square
Unaffected male
Open Circle
Unaffected female
Filled in Square
Affected Male
Filled in Circle
Affected Female
Autosomal Recessive
Not Sex-linked
Recessive Disease
Skips genrations, 2 unnafected parents can have an affected child.
Dominant Disease
Doesn’t skip generations, an affected child will have an affected parent.
