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AP Biology > Cell division/DNA RNA Proteins > Flashcards

Cell division/DNA RNA Proteins Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 parts of Interphase

A

G1- Growth phase 1, S - Synthesis, G2 - Growth Phase 2

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2
Q

G1 - Growth Phase 1

A

Growth of cell and everyday cell activities.

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3
Q

S - Synthesis

A

DNA is replicated.

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4
Q

G2 - Growth Phase 2

A

Cell grows again in preparation for mitosis.

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5
Q

M - Mitosis Phase

A

Propahse, Metapahse, Anaphase, Telophase.

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6
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

The most important checkpoint, Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage, space.

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7
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Checks for cell size and wether or not DNA replication is complete.

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8
Q

M Checkpoint

A

Checks for chromosome attatchment to spindle fibers.

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9
Q

Which Phase is not a part of Mitosis?

A

Interphase - Not dividing

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10
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

At the same time as Telophase.

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11
Q

How is cytokinesis different in Plants and Animals?

A

Plants - Cell plate, after telophase, cut apart
Animals - divison of cytoplasm, during telophase, pull apart

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12
Q

Whuch part of the cell phase takes the longest to occur?

A

Interphase.

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13
Q

What part of the cell cycle do cancer cells spend most of their time in?

A

Mitosis.

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14
Q

What part of the cell cycle do normal cells spend most of their time in?

A

Interphase.

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15
Q

Density-dependent Inhibition

A

Contact Inhibition, When there is not enough space to divide and cells are pressing against each other, the cells will receive a signal that stops mitosis.

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms.

17
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

To reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes and genetic variation.

18
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

A piece or “building block” of DNA.

19
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenus Base.

20
Q

What are the 4 Nitrogenus Bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.

21
Q

What are the base pairing rules for DNA bases?

A

Adenine goes with Thymine. Guanine goes with Cytosine.

22
Q

Helicase

A

Enzymes, breaks DNA strands apart by destroying hydrogen bonds.

23
Q

Primase

A

Adds RNA strip called a “Primer”, this primer shows DNA Polymerase where to begin replication.

24
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme. Adds free Nucleotides to exsposed bases.

25
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Cuts DNA apart to relax the molecule and prevent a super coil.

26
Q

DNA Ligase

A

‘Glues’ the strands together.

27
Q

Transcription

A

RNA is built with DNA acting as a template

28
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus.

29
Q

Translation

A

RNA acts as a template for the building of a protein.

30
Q

Where does Translation Occur?

A

In the ribosomes.

31
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger, Carries info. from DNA (nucleus) to the ribosomes.

32
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer, Molecules that bind to specific amino acids and allow info. in the mRNA to be translated into a linear peptide sequence.

33
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal, Molecules that are functional building blocks of ribosomes.

34
Q

RNAi

A

Interfference, Inhibits gene expression by destroying RNA molecules.

35
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenus bases of RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine.

36
Q

What are the base pairing rules of RNA?

A

Adenine goes with Uracil, in place of Thymine. Guanine goes with Cytosine.

37
Q

How is mRNA processed before it leaves the nucleus?

A

The Introns are removed.
THe Exons are spliced toagther.
GTP cap is added.
Adenine tail is added.

38
Q

How is protein synthesis different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryote: Introns, cap & tail, nucleus, transcription & translation occur seperatly
Prokaryote: No nucleus, no introns, no cap & tail, Translation & transcription occur simultanulsy

39
Q

What determines the shape and function of a protein?

A

Order of amino acids

AP Biology (6 decks)

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