Cell division/DNA RNA Proteins Flashcards
3 parts of Interphase
G1- Growth phase 1, S - Synthesis, G2 - Growth Phase 2
G1 - Growth Phase 1
Growth of cell and everyday cell activities.
S - Synthesis
DNA is replicated.
G2 - Growth Phase 2
Cell grows again in preparation for mitosis.
M - Mitosis Phase
Propahse, Metapahse, Anaphase, Telophase.
G1 Checkpoint
The most important checkpoint, Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage, space.
G2 Checkpoint
Checks for cell size and wether or not DNA replication is complete.
M Checkpoint
Checks for chromosome attatchment to spindle fibers.
Which Phase is not a part of Mitosis?
Interphase - Not dividing
When does cytokinesis occur?
At the same time as Telophase.
How is cytokinesis different in Plants and Animals?
Plants - Cell plate, after telophase, cut apart
Animals - divison of cytoplasm, during telophase, pull apart
Whuch part of the cell phase takes the longest to occur?
Interphase.
What part of the cell cycle do cancer cells spend most of their time in?
Mitosis.
What part of the cell cycle do normal cells spend most of their time in?
Interphase.
Density-dependent Inhibition
Contact Inhibition, When there is not enough space to divide and cells are pressing against each other, the cells will receive a signal that stops mitosis.
Meiosis
A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms.
What is the purpose of Meiosis?
To reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes and genetic variation.
What is a Nucleotide?
A piece or “building block” of DNA.
What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?
Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenus Base.
What are the 4 Nitrogenus Bases of DNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine.
What are the base pairing rules for DNA bases?
Adenine goes with Thymine. Guanine goes with Cytosine.
Helicase
Enzymes, breaks DNA strands apart by destroying hydrogen bonds.
Primase
Adds RNA strip called a “Primer”, this primer shows DNA Polymerase where to begin replication.
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme. Adds free Nucleotides to exsposed bases.
Topoisomerase
Cuts DNA apart to relax the molecule and prevent a super coil.
DNA Ligase
‘Glues’ the strands together.
Transcription
RNA is built with DNA acting as a template
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus.
Translation
RNA acts as a template for the building of a protein.
Where does Translation Occur?
In the ribosomes.
mRNA
Messenger, Carries info. from DNA (nucleus) to the ribosomes.
tRNA
Transfer, Molecules that bind to specific amino acids and allow info. in the mRNA to be translated into a linear peptide sequence.
rRNA
Ribosomal, Molecules that are functional building blocks of ribosomes.
RNAi
Interfference, Inhibits gene expression by destroying RNA molecules.
What are the 4 nitrogenus bases of RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine.
What are the base pairing rules of RNA?
Adenine goes with Uracil, in place of Thymine. Guanine goes with Cytosine.
How is mRNA processed before it leaves the nucleus?
The Introns are removed.
THe Exons are spliced toagther.
GTP cap is added.
Adenine tail is added.
How is protein synthesis different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryote: Introns, cap & tail, nucleus, transcription & translation occur seperatly
Prokaryote: No nucleus, no introns, no cap & tail, Translation & transcription occur simultanulsy
What determines the shape and function of a protein?
Order of amino acids
