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GENETICS MIDTERMS > MUTATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL ABBERATIONS, ETC. > Flashcards

MUTATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL ABBERATIONS, ETC. Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Involves a whole set of chromosome, homologous chromosomes, single chromosomes, or segments of a chromosome

A

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

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2
Q

affects genome structure or chromosome structure

A

CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

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3
Q

Changes that involves the whole genome or entire set of chromosomes

A

EUPLOIDY

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4
Q

Organism with cells containing 3 or more sets of chromosomes

A

POLYPLOIDS

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5
Q

Polyploidy is due to multiplication of one genome

A

AUTOPOLYPLOID

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6
Q

Involves multiple sets of genome that are not identical

A

ALLOPOLYPLOID

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7
Q

Occurs when one or more chromosomes of a normal set are lacking or are present in excess

A

ANEUPLOIDY

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8
Q

Trisomy 21 is an example of ———–, having an excess chromosome in chromosome no. 21

A

CHROMOSOMAL ANEUPLOIDY

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9
Q

The failure of tetrads to separate during anaphase I leads to

A

Nondisjunction in Meiosis I

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10
Q

The failure of sister chromatids to separate during the anaphase II

A

Nondisjunction in Meiosis II

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11
Q

Loss of a segment of the chromosome

A

DELETION

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12
Q

A single break on the terminal ends of the chromosome

A

Terminal deletion

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13
Q

The loss of the segments in between the chromosome; two breaks and reattachment of the outer pieces

A

INTERSTITIAL DELETION

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14
Q

When a section of the chromosome is in excess of the normal amount

A

Duplications or repeats

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

The rotation of a chromosome segment to a full 180 degrees

A

INVERSIONS

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17
Q

When one segment of a chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome or to a different part of the same chromosome

A

TRANSLOCATION

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18
Q

Occurs when a single piece of chromosome is attached to another chromosome

A

SIMPLE TRANSLOCATION

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19
Q

fertile, because the potential exists for equal segregation of homologs during meiosis

A

EVEN-NUMBER POLYPLOIDS

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20
Q

Have unpaired chromosomes; rare balanced gametes; sterile

A

ODD-NUMBER POLYPOIDS

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21
Q

caused by natural processes in cells

A

spontaneous mutation

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22
Q

caused by interaction of DNA with a mutagen

A

Induced mutation

23
Q

bases that are similar enough to the standard bases to be incorporated into nucleotides during DNA replication

A

Base analogs

24
Q

It causes point mutations

A

Chemical mutagen

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

5-bromouracil is an analog of A

A

FALSE, it is an analog of T

26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

2-aminopurine is an analog of A

A

TRUE

27
Q

Intercalation causes insertion during DNA replication

A

Intercalating agents

28
Q

UV radiation, Ionizing radiation and heat are characterized as

A

Physical mutagen

29
Q

mobile pieces of DNA that can move from one location in a genome to another

A

Transposons or transposable elements

30
Q

Changes in genetic material - changes in DNA code - thus change in a gene

A

Mutations

31
Q

the DNA code will have a base(or more) missing, added, or exchanged in a codon

A

gene mutations

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Only mutations in gametes (egg and sperm) are passed onto offspring.

A

TRUE

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Mutations in body cells only affect the organism in which they occur and are not passed onto the offspring.

A

TRUE

34
Q

Occurs when a base sequence of a codon is changed.

A

POINT MUTATIONS

35
Q

3 TYPES OF POINT MUTATIONS

A

Substitution
Deletion
Insertion

36
Q

A single nitrogen base is substituted for another codon. It may or may not affect the amino acid or protein.

A

SUBSTITUTION MUTATIONS

37
Q

A nitrogen base is inserted/ added to the sequence. It causes the triplet frames to shift. Always affects the amino acids and proteins.

A

INSERTION MUTATIONS

38
Q

A nitrogen base is deleted or removed from the sequence. It causes the triplet frames to shift. Always affects the amino acids and proteins.

A

DELETION MUTATIONS

39
Q

Has the least effect because it changes only one amino acid or it may change no amino acid.

A

SUBSTITUTION

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Sickle cell anemia is an example of substitution mutations.

A

TRUE

41
Q

Huntington’s disease is an example of substitution mutations, wherein a nitrogenous base is inserted to the sequence.

A

FALSE, it is an example of insertion mutation

42
Q

A genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.

A

POINT MUTATIONS

43
Q

Mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype. Specific type of neutral mutation.

A

Silent Mutations

44
Q

A change in one DNA base pair; the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building the protein; results in a shortened protein that may function improperly

A

NONSENSE MUTATION

45
Q

Change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.

A

MISSENSE MUTATIONS

46
Q

This type of mutation occurs when addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene’s reading frame. It shifts the groupings of these bases and changes the code for amino acid.

A

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

resulting protein is non-functional

47
Q

removal of a piece of DNA

A

DELETION

48
Q

addition of a piece of DNA

A

insertion

49
Q

types of chromosomal mutations

A

Deletion
Inversion
Duplication
Translocation

50
Q

changes that often occurs during meiosis

A

chromosomal mutations

51
Q

one or more nucleotides are lost or deleted from the chromosome

A

deletion

52
Q

a portion of a genetic material or chromosome is duplicated or replicated

A

DUPLICATION

53
Q

results from an unequal crossing over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis

A

duplication

54
Q

a portion of a chromosome is relocated, and incorporated into a different chromosome

A

TRANSLOCATION

GENETICS MIDTERMS (9 decks)

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