Mutations And Cancer Flashcards
What causes a mutations? What are examples of this?(2) What can they be? What would chemicals do? What are examples of high energy and ionising energy?
Mutagens High energy radiation, chemicals Naturally occurring or artificial Change nature and bonding X-rays gamma rays alpha particles uv Rays
What is frame shift mutation?
How does change in base change bonding?
Deleting or adding a base to cause all succeeding codons after to change so aa would change
Changes base changes amino acids changes bonding
Cell division What do cells usually do? What are two genes that control division? What do protooncogenes do? What do tumour suppresser genes do?
Divide at a constant rate to replace dead and worn out cells
Protooncogenes and tumour suppressor genes
Stimulate cell division
Slow down cell division
Route for stem cells to death?
Route for stem cells?
Stem cells>division>differentiation>maturity>death
Stem cells>division>stem cells
Protooncogenes
What do they cause?(2)
What is an oncogene?
What does it produce? Or what do they do to receptors on cell membrane?
Synthesis of internal growth regulators
Membrane receptors to pick up signals
Same gene product as pog but uncontrolled
Permanently activate them so cell division switched on in absence of growth factors
Tumour suppressor genes
What do they do?
What happens if they’re mutated?
Inhibit cell division
Cell division will increase
Tumour What is it? What's a benign tumour? What do malignant tumour do? What do they form? What's mestasis? What's mestases? Where can cancer form?
Mass of cells Harmless lump Travels in blood or lymphatic system and develop tumours in other areas, more mobile Spreading of tumour cells Primary Timor forms secondary tumour Cells that divide
Where does Leukemia be? Lymphoma be? Sarcomas be? Carcinoma be?
Circulates blood
Lymphatic system
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
What does cancer kill by?(4)
Damages organ/tissue in which it grows
Starvation
Haemorrhage
Suppress immune system
What’s a secondary tumour?
When a primary tumour metastases and moves to different part of body
What causes lung cancer?
What does it depend on?(2)
When do affects usually occur?
How many known carcinogens are there in tobacco?
Carcinogens Time of exposure Conc of chemical After 40 years 70 carcinogens
Diet and colon Two things that affect? How does high fat affect? So what do you find in faeces? How does low fibre affect? How do you prevent?
High fat low fibre
Production of bile to fat intake besides bacteria in gut convert bike to carcinogens, lots bile in faeces
Affects rate of gut movement, affects time of carcinogens to affect
Early diagnosis and surgery
Radiation and cancer
What do people with darker skin have? What does this protect?
What is allowing more uv Rays to reach the earth?
Melanin
Thinning ozone layer
Cystic Fibrosis
What kind of inherited disease is it?
What is it caused by?
What does this code for?
What does it cause more of than normal?
So what is not transported out of cells? And what does not follow?
Recessive Mutation in CFTR gene Codes for intrinsic protein Mucus on surface cells Cl- and water
3 ways of mutation?
Which are the most damaging?
What generally happens if you change the first nucleotide?
And the last?
Deletion,insertion,substitution
Insertion and deletion
Generally different aa
Generally same aa
