Mutation/transport/protein Synthesis Flashcards
List the 4 ways in which mutation can occur
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Inversion
Define mutation
Change in genetic info
Change in DNA sequence/number
2 causes for mutation
Chance - spontaneous mutations
Induced by mutagenic agents eg x Rays
Which type of cells pass on mutations, which don’t?
Mutations in gametes are inherited
Mutations in somatic cells cannot be
What is protein synthesis
How each cell uses
DNA code/genetic info to
Make proteins/structures it needs
What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
Describe transcription
Copy of 1 gene from DNA made into MRNA
MRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome for translation
What does the m in MRNA stand for
Messenger
1 gene is 1?
Protein
Describe translation
Ribosome reads code
Uses info to build required protein - polypeptides
A good way to imagine proteins is
As different combinations & lengths of diff coloured beads
Beads are amino acids
Describe 2 types of transport in human body
Passive
Active
Define passive transport
No energy used
Define active transport
Uses ATP energy
What are the three types of passive transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
What are 3 types of active transport
Sodium potassium pump
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transport of what to where?
Molecule transport across cell membrane
In which ‘direction’ does passive transport travel
Down the concentration gradient
Downhill
In which ‘direction’ does active transport travel
Up the concentration gradient
Uphill
Describe diffusion
Movement of small substance from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Dog farting in large room
Give example of bodily diffusion
Transfer of O2 from lung alveoli into blood
What substances are transported via diffusion
Gases
Liquids
Solutions of ions
What happens to the protein carrier molecules during facilitated diffusion
Change shape - form protein channel - deposits substance on other side
Describe facilitated diffusion
Movement of larger substance from area of high concentration to low
With aid of protein carrier molecules/sites in the membrane
What else do you know about protein carrier sites
Specific - lock & key
Transport maximum
Which substances use facilitated diffusion
Substances unable to diffuse unaided
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
Describe osmosis
Movement of water down its concentration gradient when cannot be achieved by diffusion
Water dilutes concentrated solution
And dilutes concentrated solution to reach equilibrium
Which are the three types of solution associated with osmosis
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Describe sodium-potassium pump
Transport substances from low to high concentration.
ATP used to activate protein carrier molecules to transport against/up gradient
Substances using Sodium-potassium pump transport?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Hydrogen
2 types of endocytosis (and define)
Phagocytosis - cell EATING large particles
Pinocytosis - cell DRINKING large particles
What is endocytosis
Particles engulfed/enclosed by extensions of cytoplasm & plasma membrane
Forms membrane-bound vacuole
Lysosomes adhere to vacuole membrane, releasing enzymes to digest contents
Substances using endocytosis
Liquids
Microbes
Cell fragments
Describe exocytosis
Waste material removal
Reverse phagocytosis
Substances requiring exocytosis
Secretory granules from Golgi apparatus
Indigestible residue of phagocytosis
