Mutation, Fossils and Evolution Flashcards
these are inherited from parents, like color blindness. They are present in almost all cells (including the germ cells or the reproductive cells) in bodies because they are inherited.
Hereditary/Germline Mutations
these occur usually because of lifestyle or environmental factors like exposure to chemicals or diseases. These can also occur due to errors during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells are inherited.
Acquired/Somatic Mutations
An extra copy of gene is repeated. An example is the Pallister Killian syndrome.
Duplication
a segment is broken of and inverted. An example is Hemophilia.
Inversion
a segment is lost. An example is Cri-du-chat syndrome.
Deletion
extra pairs are inserted into a new place.
Insertion
part of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.
Translocation
these mutations occur in a change in a single nucleotide. These can include deletions, insertions or substitutions of one nucleotide in a gene.
Point Mutations
DNA is divided into codons (or a trio of nucleotides). A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides will change the reading frame of the coding strand or how the codons are read.
Frameshift Mutations
Beneficial Mutations include?
A. Mutations in human physiology like trichromatic vision, which causes us to discriminate among the three colors, red, blue, and green; and increase bone density, with research on this being used as basis for skeletal disease therapy.
B. Mutations in protein that led to resistance to some diseases like malaria, HIV and heart disease. Research on this proteins are used to help treat or cure diseases.
number of offspring an individual produces
Reproductive Success
Give a few examples of beneficial mutation.
a. Pesticide resistance (beneficial for the insect)
b. Lactose tolerance
c. Stronger bones
d. Ability to be very flexible
e. Ability to sing extremely well
f. Amazing muscles
caused by mutations in one or more genes. An example is cystic fibrosis.
Genetic disorders
are cells that grew out of control, forming tumors that destroy healthy cells around the tumor.
Cancer Cells
Who theorized the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
are the preserved physical remains of organisms. These include bones, shells, and feathers.
Fossils
are solid evidence that organisms found in the past are different from the ones found today, providing us a narrative of how life in the past and how organisms evolve over million of years. We can compare the anatomies of past and present organisms.
Fossils
For an organism to become a fossil, it undergoes the process called?
Fossilization
a large soft-shelled turtle that could be found around Africa and the Middle East since the Cretaceous Period.
Trionyx
It is usually the hard parts of the body like the bones, teeth, and shells which are fossilized, although traces of skin, feathers and other soft tissues have been found.
Body Fossils
These are the preserved marks of activity left behind by an organism when it was still alive, This can be a footprint, feces, or even the imprint of an ancient plant.
Trace Fossils
studies the similarities and differences in the structures of organisms. Even if organisms are categorized as different species, there are still similarities in their basic forms.
Comparative Anatomy
Physical features or structures shared due to a common ancestor but that do not necessarily serve the same function are called?
Homologous structures
Look similar and have similar functions, but are anatomically different and belong to unrelated organism. They share similarities or live in similar environments. (Also known as convergent evolution)
Analogous structures
Which animal is 99% identical to Humans?
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
occur due to errors in cell division, specifically in the crossing over part during Meiosis I.
Chromosomal mutations
