Mutation, Fossils and Evolution

Question 1

these are inherited from parents, like color blindness. They are present in almost all cells (including the germ cells or the reproductive cells) in bodies because they are inherited.

Answer 1

Hereditary/Germline Mutations

Question 2

these occur usually because of lifestyle or environmental factors like exposure to chemicals or diseases. These can also occur due to errors during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells are inherited.

Answer 2

Acquired/Somatic Mutations

Question 3

An extra copy of gene is repeated. An example is the Pallister Killian syndrome.

Answer 3

Duplication

Question 4

a segment is broken of and inverted. An example is Hemophilia.

Answer 4

Inversion

Question 5

a segment is lost. An example is Cri-du-chat syndrome.

Answer 5

Deletion

Question 6

extra pairs are inserted into a new place.

Answer 6

Insertion

Question 7

part of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome.

Answer 7

Translocation

Question 8

these mutations occur in a change in a single nucleotide. These can include deletions, insertions or substitutions of one nucleotide in a gene.

Answer 8

Point Mutations

Question 9

DNA is divided into codons (or a trio of nucleotides). A deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides will change the reading frame of the coding strand or how the codons are read.

Answer 9

Frameshift Mutations

Question 10

Beneficial Mutations include?

Answer 10

A. Mutations in human physiology like trichromatic vision, which causes us to discriminate among the three colors, red, blue, and green; and increase bone density, with research on this being used as basis for skeletal disease therapy.

B. Mutations in protein that led to resistance to some diseases like malaria, HIV and heart disease. Research on this proteins are used to help treat or cure diseases.

Question 11

number of offspring an individual produces

Answer 11

Reproductive Success

Question 12

Give a few examples of beneficial mutation.

Answer 12

a. Pesticide resistance (beneficial for the insect)
b. Lactose tolerance
c. Stronger bones
d. Ability to be very flexible
e. Ability to sing extremely well
f. Amazing muscles

Question 13

caused by mutations in one or more genes. An example is cystic fibrosis.

Answer 13

Genetic disorders

Question 14

are cells that grew out of control, forming tumors that destroy healthy cells around the tumor.

Answer 14

Cancer Cells

Question 15

Who theorized the theory of evolution?

Answer 15

Charles Darwin

Question 16

are the preserved physical remains of organisms. These include bones, shells, and feathers.

Answer 16

Fossils

Question 17

are solid evidence that organisms found in the past are different from the ones found today, providing us a narrative of how life in the past and how organisms evolve over million of years. We can compare the anatomies of past and present organisms.

Answer 17

Fossils

Question 18

For an organism to become a fossil, it undergoes the process called?

Answer 18

Fossilization

Question 19

a large soft-shelled turtle that could be found around Africa and the Middle East since the Cretaceous Period.

Answer 19

Trionyx

Question 20

It is usually the hard parts of the body like the bones, teeth, and shells which are fossilized, although traces of skin, feathers and other soft tissues have been found.

Answer 20

Body Fossils

Question 21

These are the preserved marks of activity left behind by an organism when it was still alive, This can be a footprint, feces, or even the imprint of an ancient plant.

Answer 21

Trace Fossils

Question 22

studies the similarities and differences in the structures of organisms. Even if organisms are categorized as different species, there are still similarities in their basic forms.

Answer 22

Comparative Anatomy

Question 23

Physical features or structures shared due to a common ancestor but that do not necessarily serve the same function are called?

Answer 23

Homologous structures

Question 24

Look similar and have similar functions, but are anatomically different and belong to unrelated organism. They share similarities or live in similar environments. (Also known as convergent evolution)

Answer 24

Analogous structures

Question 24

Which animal is 99% identical to Humans?

Answer 24

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Question 25

occur due to errors in cell division, specifically in the crossing over part during Meiosis I.

Answer 25

Chromosomal mutations