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Genetics > Mutation > Flashcards

Mutation Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to any change in the genetic material of the organism.

A

Mutation

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2
Q

categories of mutations (2)

A

Somatic mutation
Germ mutation

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3
Q

occurs in any body cell except egg cell; not passed on to offspring since it ceases to exist when the organism die.

A

Somatic mutation

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4
Q

occurs in the reproductive cell; can be transmitted to offspring and be passed on from one generation to another.

A

Germ mutation

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5
Q

Classification of Mutation (3)

A

a) Mutation due to changes in chromosome number
b) Mutation due to change in chromosome structure
c) Gene mutation

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6
Q

abberations in the chromosome may include: (3)

A

a) whole genome,
b) entire single chromosome, and
c) part of the chromosome.

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7
Q

Mutation that results from changes in chromosome number can be expressed in the form of __ or __

A

euploidy or aneuploidy

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8
Q

are characterized by the possession of an entire set of chromosome

A

Euploids

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9
Q

have an imbalance in the sex determining mechanism resulting to sterility due to aberrant meiosis.

A

polyploids/y

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10
Q

is a characteristic more common in plants than in animals

A

Polyploidy

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11
Q

are characterized by the multiplication of a single whole genome or
chromosome set.

A

Autopolyploids

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12
Q

Polyploid plants are characterized by (3);

A
  1. Increased in the individual cell size.
  2. Slower growth rate and later maturity than diploids
  3. Thicker leaves, larger but fewer flowers, and larger fruits than diploids, reduce fertility in varying degrees.
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13
Q

are characterized by the multiplication of two or more genomes or
chromosome sets.

A

Allopolyploids

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14
Q

They are responsible for the formation of the new species such as wheat, tobacco, and Raphanobrassica

A

Allopolyploids

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15
Q

occurs when one or more chromosomes of a normal set (genome) are
lacking or are present in excess.

A

Aneuploidy

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16
Q

Examples of aneuploidy in man: (7)

A

-Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
-Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome)
-Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)
-Turner’s Syndrome (2n = 45, 22II +X)
-Klienfelter’s Syndrome (2n = 47, 22II +XXY)
-Metafemale
-Double Y Syndrome.

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17
Q

They are characterized by mental retardation and premature menopause

A

metafemale

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18
Q

They are characterized by antisocialism, aggressiveness, criminal tendency, and low IQ

A

Double Y Syndrome

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19
Q

Types of Structural Changes in the Chromosome (4)

A
  1. Deficiencies or Deletions
  2. Duplication or Repeats
  3. Inversion
  4. Interchange or Reciprocal Translocation
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20
Q

represent a loss of segment of the chromosome

A

Deficiencies or Deletions

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21
Q

Examples of chromosomal deficiency in man: (2)

A

Philadelphia 22 chromosome
Cri-du-chat Syndrome

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22
Q

is a deficiency for the large portion of long arm of chromosome 22

A

Philadelphia 22 chromosome

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23
Q

is due to the deletion in the short arm of the chromosome 5.

It is distinguished by cat-like cry during infancy, unique facial feature and other form of physical and mental retardation

A

Cri-du-chat Syndrome

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24
Q

occur when the section of the chromosome is in excess of the
normal amount.

A

2Duplication or Repeats

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25
Q

due to the rotation of chromosome segment to a full 180 degree

A
  1. Inversion
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26
Q

Inversion can be classified as (2)

A

-paracentric inversion
-Pericentric inversion

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27
Q

occurs when the centromere is not included in the inverted segment

A

paracentric inversion

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28
Q

occurs when the inverted segment includes the centromere.

A

Pericentric inversion

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29
Q

occurs when the single break in two nonhomologous chromosomes produce an exchange sections between them.

A

Interchange or Reciprocal Translocation

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30
Q

involves a change in the nucleotide

A

Gene mutation or point mutation

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31
Q

two categories of gene mutation

A

-Base pair substitution
-Frameshift mutation

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32
Q

due to copy errors during DNA replication

A

Base pair substitution

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33
Q

two types of base pair substitution

A

Transition mutation
Transversion mutation

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34
Q

is due to the substitution purine with another purine or the substitution of one pyrimidine with another pyrimidine

A

Transition mutation

35
Q

refers to the substitution of purine with pyrimidine or substitution of pyrimidine with purine.

A

Transversion mutation

36
Q

three kinds of amino acid substitution:

A

-Non-sense mutation
-Missense mutation
-Same sense mutation

37
Q

refers to a base pair substitution that results to the formation of a termination or non-sense codon.

A

Non-sense mutation

38
Q

refers to a base pair substitution that results to the substitution of an amino acid in the polypeptide chain.

A

Missense mutation

39
Q

refers to a base pair substitution that does not change the type of amino acid in the polypeptide chain

A

Same sense mutation

40
Q

an insertion or deletion of a base that changes the reading frame of the entire subsequent sequence.

A

Frameshift mutation

41
Q

Anything that can cause or induce mutation is known as

A

mutagenic agents

42
Q

Types of mutagenic agents (3)

A

Physical mutagen
Chemical mutagen
Environmental mutagen

43
Q

2 types of physical mutagen

A

-Ionizing radiation (X-ray, gamma ray, etc.)
-Non-ionizing radiation (UV rays)

44
Q

can break the DNA strand (produce break in the chromosome rather
than a base change).

It can effectively killed viruses with single stranded DNA.

A

Ionizing radiation

45
Q

can impart enough energy causing mutation; does not penetrate deeply into the tissues; effective in killing bacteria and fungus; may cause skin cancer

A

Non-ionizing radiation

46
Q

Chemical mutagen (7)

A

-Nitrous acid
-Base analogues
-Proflavin and other dyes
-Colchicines
-Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
-Marijuana
-Hair dye components

47
Q

Changes C to Uracil Changes CG pair to TA pair

A

Nitrous acid

48
Q

Substitute for DNA bases

A

Base analogues

49
Q

Inhibits spindle formation and prevents anaphase

A

Proflavin and other dyes

50
Q

Blocks mitotic cells in metaphase

A

Colchicines

51
Q

leads to cross-link formation, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair, point mutations, and induction of chromosometype and chromatid-type aberrations

A

Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)

52
Q

component of marijuana

A

delta – 9 – THC or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

53
Q

Mutagenic in bacteria; Malignant transformation in mammalian cells; Mutation in Drosophila; mitotic recombination in yeast; tumors in rodents

A

Hair dye components

54
Q

Mutagenic chemicals and their carcinogens (4)

A

-Air and water pollutants/benzo – a – pyrene
-Food additives/hydrocarbon
-Food preservatives/aflatoxin
-Agricultural chemicals/components of commercially available dyes

55
Q

2 ways to screen chemicals for mutagenicity

A

Host – mediated Assay
Ames Test

56
Q
  1. Inject the indicator microorganisms into the mouse.
  2. Expose the mouse to chemicals being tested.
  3. Reinsulate the indicator microorganisms from the mouse.
  4. Place on minimal medium and score for reversions.
A

Host – mediated Assay

57
Q
  1. Homogenate the mammalian liver.
  2. Add the indicator microorganisms into the homogenate.
  3. Expose them to chemicals being tested.
  4. Reisolate the indicator microorganisms from the homogenate. 5. Place on a minimal medium and score for reversions.
A

Ames Test

58
Q

__ percent of the tested carcinogens are shown to be mutagenic.

A

70%

59
Q

biblical times=___
middle ages=___
last century=___
modern ages=___

A

biblical times=leprosy
middle ages= bubonic plague
last century= tuberculosis
modern ages= cancer

60
Q

common term for aggressive and usually fatal form of a large class of
disease known as neoplasm

A

Cancer

61
Q

a condition by which the biological mechanisms that govern the growth and metabolism of a normal cell and the overall interactions of living organisms are not followed

A

Neoplasm

62
Q

Classification of neoplasm: 2

A

-Benign neoplasm
-Malignant neoplasm

63
Q

-encapsulated; structure is similar to the tissue; do not metastasize

A

Benign neoplasm

64
Q

not encapsulated; abnormal and unstructured appearance; Grow rapidly; metastasize

A

Malignant neoplasm

65
Q

a term referring to cancer –causing agent

A

Carcinogen

66
Q

categories of carinogens (3)

A

physical agent
chemical agent
biological agent

67
Q

Examples of chemical agents that can cause cancer. (5)

A

-Hydrocarbons and nitrosamines
-Aromatic amines-
-Drugs for cancer treatment
-Hormones
-aflatoxin

68
Q

components of cigarette smokes

A

Hydrocarbons and nitrosamines

69
Q

component in dye making

A

Aromatic amines (2
– naphtylamine

70
Q

Break the DNA strands of cancer cells, thus killing the cell. However, they might also induce cancer in normal cells

A

Drugs for cancer treatment

71
Q

female hormone that is being administrated in menopausal women may result in cancer of the uterus

A

Estrogen

72
Q

molecule produced by the strains of mold Aspergillus causing liver cancer

A

aflatoxin

73
Q

this category of carcinogen include ultraviolet and high-energy
radiation

A

Physical agents

74
Q

Cancer caused by radiation (6)

A

leukemia
thyroid
breast
stomach
uterus
bone cancer

75
Q

2 biological agents

A
  1. blood flukes
  2. Epstein barr viruses, Papilloma virus and Herpes virus
76
Q

causing shistosomiasis may also cause bladder cancer

A

Blood flukes

77
Q

cause cancer of the nose and throat

A

Epstein barr viruses, Papilloma virus and Herpes virus

78
Q

Seven Warning Signals of Cancer (7)

A
  1. Change in bowel or bladder functions.
  2. A sore that does not heal
  3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
  4. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
  5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
  6. A change in wart or mole
  7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
79
Q

Common Types of Cancers (4)

A

Breast cancer
Lung Cancer
Skin cancer
prostate cancer

80
Q

(successful in detecting tumors at early stage

A

mammography

81
Q

breast cancer can be treated by __ or __, followed by chemotherapy

A

mastectomy, lumpectomy

82
Q

Principally caused by tobacco smoking.

A

Lung Cancer

83
Q

increases dramatically with age; about 80% diagnose in men over 65 years of age

A

Prostate cancer

84
Q

caused by excessive exposure to sunlight

A

Skin Cancer

Genetics (7 decks)

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