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Genetics > Genes And Proteins > Flashcards

Genes And Proteins Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is a large molecule that is consists of one or more polypeptide chain.

A

Protein

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2
Q

is a series of amino acids that are joined together by a polypeptide bond

A

polypeptide

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3
Q

are substances that catalyzes or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

properties of enzymes largely depend on their ___

A

amino acid sequence

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5
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Amine group, Hydrogen, carboxyl and R-group

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6
Q

is a side chain which determines the type of amino acid

A

r-group

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7
Q

for the proper functioning of enzyme, it must be of ____ and is
___.

A

the right kind; assembled in the right order

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8
Q

not all amino acid substitution leads to a ___

A

disease

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9
Q

Relationship between genes and enzymes was first suggested by ___, an
English physician, in 1902

A

Archibald Garrod

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10
Q

Garrod’s concept about the Relationship between genes and enzymes was developed as a result of his study on a disease called .

A

alkaptonuria

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11
Q

is a recessive trait that causes arthritis

A

Alkaptonuria

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12
Q

The urine of the affected person
turns black upon exposure to the air.

A

Alkaptonuria

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13
Q

Alkaptonuria is accompanied by serious physical and mental ___ (mean IQ – ___).

A

retardation; 65

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14
Q

In the case of alkaptonurics, they cannot metabolize ___ because they
lack the enzyme ___

A

homogentisic acid; homogentisic acid oxidase.

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15
Q

formulated the One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

A

Beadle and Tatum

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16
Q

WHat does One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis state? (2)

A

(a) every gene controlled a particular enzyme
(b) the final product of the metabolic process is affected by stepwise succession of enzymes.

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17
Q

it means that, there is a one is to one correspondence between genetic mutation and the lack of specific enzyme requires for pathway.

A

One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

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18
Q

the one controlling the synthesis of protein through the RNA

A

DNA

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19
Q

shows the flow of information in the biological systems

A

central dogma of molecular biology

20
Q

DNA is produced from the RNA

A

reverse transcription

21
Q

refers to the transfer of genetic
information from the nucleotide sequence of the DNA to the nucleotide sequence of the RNA

A

Transcription

22
Q

Steps involved in the transcription (2)

A
  1. Uncoupling of the double stranded DNA molecule.
  2. Synthesis of RNA along one DNA strand
23
Q

Synthesis of RNA along one DNA strand uses the catalyst:___

A

RNA polymerase

24
Q

Once the RNA is synthesized, it will move from the ___ to __.

A

nucleus, cytoplasm

25
Q

Types of ribonucleic acid (RNA (3)

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

26
Q

type of rna that carry the instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosomes (cytoplasm)

A

Messenger RNA or mRNA

27
Q

this rna brings the activated amino acids to the mRNA

A

Transfer RNA or tRNA

28
Q

this rna is incorporated in the ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA or rRNA

29
Q

features of transcription (4)

A

1.) Involve only certain regions of DNA
2.) Transcription is the major point of control of gene expression
3.)RNA synthesis occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
4.)Transcription consists of three events (initiation, elongation, and termination)

30
Q

DNA sequences that code for RNA

A

Coding regions

31
Q

do not code for a gene product

A

Noncoding regions

32
Q

refers to the synthesis of a polypeptide chain using the genetic
instructions from the mRNA.

A

Translation

33
Q

Steps involved in translation (7)

A

a. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the process of transcription.

b. The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes.

c. Different RNA’s in the cytoplasm pick up the amino acid and bring them in the ribosome as they move along the mRNA.

d. tRNA couples briefly with the mRNA (complementary to RNA bases) in the ribosomes.

e. Ribosomes move along the mRNA, adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain.

f. As each tRNA donates its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain, it uncouples from the mRNA. It then moves away from the cytoplasm to pick up more amino acids.

g. Once the tRNA completed a peptide chain, it will be release from the ribosomes.

34
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the ___,found near the beginning of a gene.

A

promoter

35
Q

Sequences called ___ signal that the RNA transcript is complete

A

terminators

36
Q

is very important in decoding the DNA and RNA sequences into amino acids

A

Genetic code

37
Q

is a collection of base triplets of DNA and RNA carrying the genetic
information.

A

Genetic code

38
Q

DNA messages can be interpreted by using the ___

A

coding system

39
Q

Decoding of mRNAs is being done by reading the nucleotides
in group of three, called __

A

codon

40
Q

important features of codon (4)

A

a) They specify an amino acid.

b) Termination or stop codons mark the end of protein synthesis.

c) The codon AUG, which codes for methionine, marks the beginning of protein synthesis

d) The mRNA codons are read from 5’ to 3’ direction. They specify the order of amino acids from the N-terminus to C-terminus

41
Q

Features of Genetic Code (5)

A
  1. Genetic Code is triplet.
  2. Genetic Code is degenerate/redundant/repetitious
  3. Genetic Code is non-overlapping
  4. Genetic Code is universal
  5. There are three nonsense codons
42
Q

All amino acids are represented by several codons except __ and __

A

methionine AUG; tryptophan UGG.

43
Q

Codons for same amino acid usually differ in third position only is based from what hypothesis?

A

Third Base Degeneracy Wobble Hypothesis

44
Q

The __ bases are critical parts of the codon

A

first two

45
Q

__, __, and __ called terminator or non-sense codons since they terminate the
amino acid chain in the synthesis protein.

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

Genetics (7 decks)

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