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Genetic engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

is known to be the best known application of molecular genetics

A

Genetic engineering

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2
Q

Requirements for Recombinant DNA Technology (6)

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
  2. DNA ligase
  3. Vehicles for cloning
  4. Functional host cell
  5. A method for selection of recipient cells and their multiplication
  6. Recipient cells
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3
Q

part of cell’s defense mechanisms against invading foreign genomes

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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4
Q

cut within certain well-defined based sequences in the invading DNA fragments

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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5
Q

shown a high degree of specificity - possible to direct the splitting of DNA of the cloning vehicle

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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6
Q

Enzyme that makes possible the insertion of selected piece of DNA

A
  1. DNA ligase
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7
Q

Commonly used vector/vehicles for molecular cloning: (3)

A

a. Plasmids
b. Bacteriophages
c. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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8
Q

cells that show the characteristics of the introduced gene

A
  1. Recipient cells
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9
Q

refers to the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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10
Q

is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by the combination of at least two strands.

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA),

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11
Q

Steps of Genetic Recombination Technology (6)

A
  1. Isolation of Genetic Material
  2. Restriction Enzyme Digestion
  3. Amplification Using PCR
  4. Ligation of DNA Molecules
  5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host
  6. Isolation of Recombinant Cells
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12
Q

is a method of making multiple copies of a DNA sequence using the enzyme – DNA polymerase in vitro.

A

PCR

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13
Q

helps to amplify a single copy or a few copies of DNA into thousands to millions of copies.

A

PCR

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14
Q

PCR reactions are run on ‘thermal cyclers’ using the following components: (4)

A

Template
primers
enzyme
nucleotides

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15
Q

– DNA to be amplified

A

Template

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16
Q

small, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to a region of the DNA.

A

b) Primers

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17
Q

needed to extend the primers by the enzyme.

A

d) Nucleotides

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18
Q

The process of joining these two pieces together using the enzyme ‘DNA ligase’ is ‘

A

ligation

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19
Q

The resulting DNA molecule is a ___ of two DNA molecules – the __ and the __.

A

hybrid; interest molecule, vector

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20
Q

this new hybrid DNA molecule is also called a ____ and the technology is referred to as the _____

A

recombinant DNA molecule; recombinant DNA technology.

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21
Q

In this step, the recombinant DNA is introduced into a recipient host cell mostly, a bacterial cell. This process is ‘____’.

A

Transformation

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22
Q

For isolation of recombinant cell from non-recombinant cell, ___ of plasmid vector is employed.

A

marker gene

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23
Q

Researches on Human Genome (4)

A

-Mapping of Human Genome
-DNA Fingerprinting
-Identification, DNA Sequencing and determination of gene action of human genes
-Mitochondrial DNA and Aging

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24
Q

What year??

DNA sequencing together with computer software that align DNA pieces facilitated the
shift from gene mapping to DNA sequencing.

A

1995

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25
Q

What year ??

Data on human genome sequencing is shown in the public.

A

1996

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26
Q

What year??

Sequencing of 99% of the human genome accomplished.

A

2000

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27
Q

What year??

Progress in microarray technology (for investigating gene function and interactions)

A

2000 to present

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28
Q

technique of DNA fingerprinting involves the use of: (2)

A

-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs),
-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites

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29
Q

regions of DNA that vary among individuals

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs),

30
Q

another method of DNA fingerprinting consider tandemly repeated sequences.

A

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites

31
Q

The focus is on genes
that control heritable diseases such as: (4)

A

a) Osteoarthritis
b) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
c) Huntington’s disease
d) breast cancer disposition gene (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)

32
Q

It is claimed that aging may be caused by the buildup mutation of ____

A

mitochondrial DNA.

33
Q

Researches on Animal Genes (4)

A

Super-ovulation Hormone
Rat Pancreatic Peptide Gene
Transgenic Fishes
Transgenic Livestock and Poultry

34
Q

A recombinant ______ produced by Integrated
Genetics, Inc. causes superovulation in cattle.

A

bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH)

35
Q

Injection of ____ into a strain of obese rats reduced feeding and absorption of fats

A

pancreatic peptide

36
Q

This transgenic fish Carries foreign gene for growth hormone; grow faster than non-transgenics

A

salmon

37
Q

In salmon, Alongside the growth hormone gene, the gene for ___ was inserted

A

beta galactosidase

38
Q

To improve the characteristics of livestock and poultry, _____ are
transferred to the animals

A

growth hormones

39
Q

 30% more efficient in feed conversion  Reach the marketable size 7 week earlier than their non-transgenic counterpart

A

Transgenic pigs

40
Q

. Researches on Plant Genes (5)

A

Genetically Modified for resistance to insect pest, disease & herbicides
-Genetically modified for improved nutritional qualities
-Genetically modified for special products
-Genetically modified for enhanced quality traits
-Mapping of Plant Genomes

41
Q

Insertion of _____ for crystals toxic to Lepidopteran insects
into canola, corn, cotton, potato, soybeans and tomato provide season-long protection against Lepidopteran insect pests.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene

42
Q

Insertion of _____ genes provides resistance against papaya ring spot virus
and banana bunchy top virus.

A

Virus coat protein

43
Q

bar gene: _____
bxn genes: from ____

for resistance against ___.

A

Streptomyces hygrospicus
Klebsiella
herbicides

44
Q

this gene is introduced into rice

A

Methionine-rich gene

45
Q

Genes for enzyme that converts sucrose to ____ are inserted into sugar beets; yields __ of their dry weight as fructans.

A

fructans; 40%

46
Q

genes from ___ flower and bacterium ____, the source of ____ enzyme to enable rice to synthesize ____, precursor of vitamin A

A

daffodil;
Erwinia uredovora;
phytoene desaturase;
carotene

47
Q

iron- storage protein; accumulates in the endosperm, tripling the rice iron content.

A

Ferritin

48
Q

Transgenic potatoes producing vaccine against (3)

A

E.coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin and Norwalk virus.

49
Q

Transgenic bananas and tomatoes producing vaccines against ___

A

hepatitis B.

50
Q

Transgenic tomatoes producing vaccines against respiratory ____ (causes lower respiratory tract disease in infant and children)

A

syncytial virus

51
Q

Delayed tomato ripening by inserting antisense gene for ____ (enzymes for breaking down pectin)

A

polygalacturonase

52
Q

tomatoes with ___ gene ripen on the vine to develop flavor and color before the softening process, thus prolonging its shelf life

A

antisense

53
Q

Improved flavor and sweetness by inserting genes for ___ into tomato and lettuce.

A

moneliin

54
Q

insertion of antisense gene for ____ (enzyme that polymerizes phenolic compound to form dark pigment)

A

polyphenol oxidase

55
Q

Genome mapping requires identification of ___

A

DNA markers

56
Q

– DNA fragments that can distinguished from one another due to their differences in nucleotide sequences.

A

DNA markers

57
Q

Researches on Microbial Gene (4)

A

-Iron-oxidizing bacteria
-Microbes to track organisms
-Bacterial biosensors
-Molecular pharming

58
Q

Iron-oxidizing bacteria is used to leach metals (Cu, uranium) from __

A

Fe ore

59
Q

Used to process waste H2S gas produced by petroleum refineries

A

Iron-oxidizing bacteria

60
Q

Bacteria genetically engineered to glow in the dark  Can be used as living biosensors for detection of virtually any class of toxic agents

A

Bacterial biosensors

61
Q

Hormone for glucose uptake; For diabetis

A

Insulin

62
Q

Dissolves blood clot; heart attack victims

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

63
Q

Blood clotting factor; certain types of hemophilia patients

A

Factor VIII

64
Q

Lower blood pressure; hypertension

A

Renin inhibitor

65
Q

production of medically important proteins in the mammary gland of livestock

A

Molecular pharming

66
Q

Dissolves blood clot
Host:__

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA); Goat

67
Q

Used as iron supplement in infant formula
Host:

A

Lactoferrin
Cattle

68
Q

Treatment of diabetis
Host:

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1
Cattle

69
Q

Biosafety and Ecological Implications (2)

A
  1. Potential ecological effects
  2. Regulatory policies
70
Q

must be the basis for planning for the development, testing and risk assessment of the introduction of GE organisms into environment.

A

Ecological principles

Genetics (7 decks)

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