Mustafa Physiology Flashcards
Which one occurs during gastric phase of the gastric secretion?
A) Sight, smell, and taste of food cause stimulation of vagus nuclei in brain
B) Distension of stomach stimulates vagus nerve; vagus stimulates acid secretion.
C) Once the food is seen, vagus stimulates acid secretion by Indirectly stimulating parictal cells.
D) Arrival of chyme in duodenum activate a neural reflex that inhibits gastric activity.
E) Fat in chyme reaching the duodenum causes secretion of a hormone that inhibits gastric acid secretion.
B) Distension of stomach stimulates vagus nerve; vagus stimulates acid secretion
Which hormone stimulates contraction of gallbladder and inhibits gastric motility and secretion?
A) Gastrin
B) Secretin
C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
E) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which way of heat loss becomes more important than others at very hot environments?
A) Evaporation
B) Radiation
C) Conduction to air
D) Conduction to the objects touching to the body parts
E) Air currents (convection)
A) Evaporation
In small intestine, which brush border enzyme activates the protein digesting enzyme trypsin?
A) Sucrase
B)Aminopeptidase
C) Enterokinase
D) Alkaline phosphatase
E)Ca+2, Mg+2-ATPase
C) Enterokinase
Which activity below needs the highest energy expenditure?
A) Typewriting rapidly
B) Walking slowly
C) Walking up stairs rapidly
D) Swimming
E) Running
C) Walking up stairs rapidly
Which one is not one of the effects of the stimulation of the myenteric plexus, or Auerbach’s plexus?
a) increased velocity of conduction in the gut wall
b) increased contraction of the submucosal muscle
C) increased intensity of rhythmical contractions
d) increased rate of contraction of the gut wall
e) increased “tone” of the gut wall
b) increased contraction of the submucosal muscle
Which of the following changes would be expected to stimulate hunger is in a person who has to not eaten for 24 hours?
a) Increased cholecystokinin secretion
b) Increased leptin secretion
C) Increased neuropeptide Y in hypothalamus
d) Activation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons
e) Decreased ghrelin secretion
C) Increased neuropeptide Y in hypothalamus
In which parts of the digestive tract do we not expect tonic contractions?
a) Anal sphincter
b) Small intestine
c) Orad stomach
d) Lower esophageal sphincter
e) lleocecal valve
b) Small intestine
Which one is the way of heat loss by directly contacting of the body to an object?
a) Conduction
b) Evaporation
c) Shivering
d) Convection
e) Radiation
a) Conduction
Which one regarding the body temperature regulation is not correct?
a) During fever the set point of body temperature does not change
b) Most important cytokine causing fever is interleukin-1
c) Fever is the body temperature above normal
d) Aspirin can decrease the body temperature in fever by inhibiting prostaglandin formation
e) Set point is the critical body temperature that the body maintains
a) During fever the set point of body temperature does not change
Which one not correct?
a) When an action potential is elicited anywhere within the smooth muscle mass, it generally travels in all directions thanks to the formation of syncytium
b) Streching the intestinal wall decreases the frequency of slow waves
c) Smooth muscle fibers in gastrointestinal system are connected with each other through gap junctions
d) Norepinephrine causes hyperpolarisation in smooth muscle cells of the intestine
e) The frequency of “slow waves” of smooth muscle membrane potential in stomach is about 3/min
b) Streching the intestinal wall decreases the frequency of slow waves
What is wrong from the following neuromodulatory substance-source and effect statements?
a) Ach-Cholinergic neurons-Contraction of smooth muscle in wall-Relaxation of sphincters
b) Enchephalins (opiates)-Neurons of the enteric nervous system- Contraction of smooth muscle
C) NE-Adrenergic neuros-Relaxation of smotth muscle in wall-Contraction of sphincters
d) GRP or Bombesin-Vagal neurons of gastric mucosa-Decreases gastrin secretion
e) Neuropeptide Y-Neurons of the enteric nervous system-Decreases intestinal secretion
d) GRP or Bombesin-Vagal neurons of gastric mucosa-Decreases gastrin secretion
A 3-year-old white boy is extremely obese (weight of 37.5 kg), and his parents report that he has a voracious appetite.
What is the most likely cause of his hyperphagia and obesity?
a) A mutation that produces nonfunctional melanocortin-4 receptor protein
b) Excessive stimulation of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus
c) Excessive stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons
d) Excessive secretion of leptin
e) A lesion/destruction of the lateral hypothalamus
a) A mutation that produces nonfunctional melanocortin-4 receptor protein
Most of the energy for strenuous exercise that lasts for more than 5 to 10 seconds but less than 1 to 2 minutes
comes from which of the following sources?
a) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
b) Anaerobic glycolysis
c) Conversion of lactic acid into pyruvic acid
d) Oxidation of carbohydrates
e) Oxidation of lactic acid
b) Anaerobic glycolysis
Which of the following is true about pepsin?
a) Pepsin is most active at high pH
b) Pepsin accelerates protein digestion
c) Pepsin is essential for carbohydrate digestion
d) Most pepsin is released directly from chief cells
e) Pepsin accelerates fat digestion
b) Pepsin accelerates protein digestion
Which sentence is not correct?
a) The higher the slow wave potential rises, the greater the frequency of the spike potential are
b) The spike potentials last 10 to 40 times as long in gastrointestinal muscle as the action potentials in large nerve fibers
c) The spike potentials are true action potentials
d) The movement of large amounts of calcium ions to the interior of the muscle fiber during the action potential plays a special role in causing the intestinal muscle fibers to contract
e) In gastrointestinal smooth muscle fibers, the channels responsible for the action potentials are sodium channels
e) In gastrointestinal smooth muscle fibers, the channels responsible for the action potentials are sodium channels
Which of the following best describes the effects of fever, sleep, malnutrition, testosterone, and growth hormone on the basal metabolic rate?
Fever. Sleep, Malnutrition, Testosterone, Growth hormone, which one is ordered correctly?
a) Decrease-Decrease-Increase-Increase-Increase
b) Decrease-Increase-Increase-Decrease-Increase
c) Increase-Increase-Increase-Decrease-Increase
d) Increase-Decrease-Decrease-Increase-Increase
e) Increase-Decrease-Increase-Decrease-Decrease
d) Increase-Decrease-Decrease-Increase-Increase
Which of the following would tend to decrease hunger?
a) Increased release of endorphins
b) Increased ghrelin release by the stomach
c) Increased release of PYY by the intestine
d) Increased release of cortisol by the adrenals
e) Increased release of NPY by the hypothalamus
c) Increased release of PYY by the intestine
A scientist studying the function of the different cell types in the liver creates a mouse in which the activity of one specific cell type is transiently ablated. The mice exhibit behavioral defects consistent with encephalopathy. The function of which of the following cell types was most likely targeted?
a) Hepatocyte
b) Kupffer cell
c) Gallbladder epithelial cell
d) Cholangiocyte
e) Hepatic stellate cell
a) Hepatocyte
“Promote blood flow, increase mucus and bicarbonate secretion from gastric mucosa”
Which of the following “substance-physiopathological event statements relate to this physiological event?
a) Histamine-Cystic fibrosis
b) Somatostatin-Gallstones
c) VIP-Secretory diarrhea
d) Intrinsic factor-Autoimmune destruction resulting in pernicious anemia
e) Prostaglandins-NSAID, Induced gastritis and ulcer disease
e) Prostaglandins-NSAID, Induced gastritis and ulcer disease
Which of the following is critical for stimulating bicarbonate excretion from the pancreas?
a) CCK
b) Gastrin
c) Acetylcholine
d) GIP
e) Secretin
e) Secretin
Which one increases in blood in a patient with transfusion reaction?
a) Unconjugated bilirubin
b) Stercobilinogen
c) Stercobilin
d) Conjugated bilirubin
e) Both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubins (total)
a) Unconjugated bilirubin
In stomach, HCI acid is secreted by …
A) Parietal cells
B) Chief cells
C) Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
D) G cells
E) D cells
A) Parietal cells
Which hormone stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in pancrestic juice?
A) Gastrin
B) Secretin
C) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP)
E) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
B) Secretin
Which of the following is true about the actions of glucagon?
A) It stimulates glycogenolysis in muscle
B) It inhibits insulin secretion
C) It stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
D) It inhibits adenyl cyclase
E) It inhibits phospholipase C
C) It stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
Which sentence related with liver physiology is not correct?
A) The majority of blood arriving at the liver is venous in nature and is supplied via the vein from the intestine.
B) Blood arriving in the liver percolates among cells of macrophage lineage, known as Kupffer cells.
C) Phase I reactions are oxidation, hydroxylation,
and other reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
D) Phase II reactions conjugate the resulting products with another molecule, such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, or glutathione, to promote their excretion.
E) The products of phase Il reactions are then excreted into bile or returned to the bloodstream to ultimately be excreted by the kidneys.
A) The majority of blood arriving at the liver is venous in nature and is supplied via the vein from the intestine.
Which of the followings is not an example of amine hormones?
a) Serotonin
b) Norepinephrine
c) Epinephrine
d) Dopamine
e) Cortisol
e) Cortisol
