Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History A Level - Italy > Mussolini's Relationship with the Elites and the Church > Flashcards

Mussolini's Relationship with the Elites and the Church Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

Up until when did Italy remain a constitutional monarchy?

A
  • Until September 1943
  • He shared power with the monarchy and was not solely in power
  • Original 1919 programme wanted a republic but this was far too radical and was dropped in 1920
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What law limited the kings right to nominate a potential PM?

A

December 1928
- Fascist Grand Council limited kings input on future PM’s and to advise him on any future royal succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What Law created the First Marshall of the Empire?

A

March 1938
- Created the highest rank of military hierarchy
- Given to BOTH Mussolini and King
- Previously it was just the king who had been supreme military commander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did Mussolini deprive the king of his role as supreme military commander?

A

June 1940
- Italy had entered WW2 and Mussolini took full control of the military and deprived the King

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How would the King react to Mussolini taking control and how would Lawyers react to this?

A
  • The King retained power to remove M but did not care as long as he maintained the title of King
  • He did not oppose the antisemitism of 1938
  • Lawyers wanted a new constitution that revealed the truth of the fascists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did Mussolini appease the Army?

A
  • He allowed them to run independently
  • Allowed under-secretaries made up of generals/admirals to run it
  • Despite his Minister of War position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did Mussolini appease the Judiciary?

A
  • Many retained independence from the party
  • Some however did join the party as a precautionary aspect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did Mussolini reform the civil service?

A
  • Some were removed due to anti-fascist attitudes, but many kept their jobs
  • Top administration posts in fascist ministries were held by career civil servants
  • Ministry of Corporations senior staff had all been civil servants since 1916
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who were ‘prefects’ and how were they appointed?

A
  • Career civil servants who were chosen by Mussolini to run Italian provinces
  • They organised police, censorship in local areas and reporting on fascist branches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How did conservative elites fit into the dictatorship?

A
  • Creation of the Podesta, elected by Prefects
  • These positions were held by old elites, e.g aristocrats and former generals, usually from the south
  • Gave the traditional elites political power to appease them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What law changed the structure of the Government and what did this mean for Mussolini?

A

December 1925
- M was now head of Government, only accountable to the king and not Parliament
- Mussolini initiated all Parliamentary discussion and all new legislation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What law changed the people in Parliament?

A

May 1928
- Parliament to consist of 400 deputies chosen from 1,000 nominated by the Fascist Confederations and public bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What law boosted the prestige of the fascist grand council?

A

December 1928
- Put the grand council as the most important legal body in the state
- All gov + party policy and ministerial positions were to be discussed by the grand council
- Framework for retention of fascism after Mussolini’s death
- M retained power to appoint top PNF leaders and set out laws to be debated by the grand council

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Did the grand council actually get much power?

A
  • Did not consult major policies such as accommodation with church in 1929 and entry into the war in 1940
  • Through the 1930’s the grand council barely met
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Did Mussolini change the senate?

A
  • Left the senate with the senators who were appointed for life by the King
  • 148 senators were not PNF members
  • Mussolini did however appoint new senators that were fascists from that point onwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which extremist was appointed by Mussolini and what did he do?

A
  • 1925, Roberto Farinacci
  • Purged PNF members who did not agree with Mussolini
  • October 1925, squads murdered 8 liberals in Florence
17
Q

Who replaced Farinacci and what did he do?

A
  • After purging the Florence Fascio, 6 months later he replaced Farinacci with Augusto Turati
  • Made sure PNF was not just serving Mussolini’s personal policies
  • 50-60,000 hard line fascists thrown out, by 1929 110,000 left voluntarily
18
Q

Who replaced Turati and what did he do?

A
  • Giurati purged another 120,000 members
  • Replaced by 800,000 members
  • Most were clerks, civil servants, white collar workers, public service and local gov workers
  • Most joined for employment benefits
  • 1933 made compulsory got workers to join for more middle class presence who didn’t challenge Mussolini
19
Q

What did Luigi Federzoni contribute to the fascist government?

A
  • Appointed Minister of Interior 17th June 1924, placated conservative elites during Matteoti crisis
  • ex-ANI members tended to follow Mussolini and accept his policies without much questioning
20
Q

What did Roberto Cantalupo and Emilio Bodrero contribute to the fascist government?

A
  • Influenced the direction of fascist youth educational policies
  • Cantalupo asserted that the goal of education should be to create a new generation of Italians loyal to fascist ideals
21
Q

What did Constanzo Ciano contribute to the fascist government?

A
  • Minister of Communications from 1924 - 34
  • Longest serving minister of fascist regime apart from Mussolini
22
Q

What did Giotti Dainelli do?

A
  • During ‘reform of customs’ tried to get rid of foreign sounding words, e.g hotel names
23
Q

What was the Nationalist concern for Italy?

A
  • Italy was viewed as having a great history
  • Any real ally of Italy should focus on its present military, not Rome or the Renaissance
  • Mussolini’s aggressive foreign policy in the 30’s could be down to the ex-Nationalists as much as the PNF
24
Q

What were Mussolini’s old view of the church?

A
  • Thought they were corrupt, he published anti-Jesus articles and ‘the cardinals mistress’
  • Opposed Pope Benedict XV’s attempt to end WW1 through peace note, M saw it as pacifism and defeatism
  • Original Fasci di Combattimento called for confiscation of Church property
25
Q

When did Mussolini drop his anticlerical views?

A
  • May 1920, fascist congress of new programme he asserted that Catholicism would be used as a political force for unity and nationalism
  • This angered futurists
  • May 1921, maiden speech in parliament he publicly asserted a positive view of the Catholic Church
26
Q

When did Pope Benedict XV die and who replaced him, how did this benefit the fascists?

A

January 1922
- Replaced by Cardinal Achille Ratti (Pope Pius XI)
- Pius XI was more concerned about the communist left than the fascists and wanted a gov of ‘National Concentration’ including the fascists

27
Q

How did Mussolini try to get on side of Pope Pius XI?

A
  • Religious education in state schools and crucifixes in buildings
  • The Vatican were bailed out the Bank of Rome in Jan 1923 upon fear of collapse
  • Banned freemasonry, anticlerical journals and liberal policies on taxing church properties
  • Had 3 children baptised and married Dona Rachele in a church despite the original civil ceremony in 1915
28
Q

When was the Lateran Pacts signed and what were the 3 main sections?

A
  • 11th February 1929
  • A treaty, financial convention and a Concordat
29
Q

What were the main aspects of the Lateran Pacts?

A
  • Providing a sovereign state of 44 hectares of land with full diplomatic rights in Rome as the state of Vatican City under the Pope’s control
  • Pope to receive 750 million lire and 1,000 million State Bonds to make up for losses in 1870
  • Catholicism as religion of Italy, education in primary and secondary along with legal validity for Catholic marriage
  • Catholic youth groups (Catholic Action) allowed to continue without political activities, had over 1 million members and only non-fascist organisation
30
Q

What were the successes of the Lateran Pacts?

A
  • Mussolini gained great prestige overseas for being the one to solve the Roman Question, though he did slightly limit his dictatorship
  • Lots of success for the Catholics as they saw religious revival and had re-entry into education and marriage etc
  • Both parties gained
31
Q

When had Mussolini introduced a new electoral law and what was it?

A

1928
- A plebiscite to be held no later than April 1929, Italians would approve or reject a list of candidates from the PNF
- The Pope called M ‘the man sent by providence’ and was supportive of the plebiscite due to Lateran Pacts

32
Q

When was the plebiscite held and what were the results?

A

12th March 1929
- Church wanted to gain support to strengthen the pacts
- Pope asserted a ‘yes’ would help affirm the concordat
- 8.63 million voted and approved by 98%
- Church would continue to support in the 1934 plebiscite

33
Q

What was a main area of tension between Church and State?

A
  • The Youth Groups due to its 250,000 members
  • Giovanni Giuratti was PNF secretary and Carlo Scorza was responsible for youth organisations (Oct 1930), both men were hardline against Catholics
  • Accused catholics of organising sport, led by former members of PPI, acting as a sanctuary for antifascism and attempting to create Trade Unions
  • Police raids and violence shut down the youth organisations?
34
Q

How did the Pope react to the attacks on youth organisations?

A
  • Anti-fascist encyclical ‘Non abbiamo bisogno’ (we have no need)
  • Argued fascisms ideal youth of being reconciled with a state did not line up with being Catholic, he condemned stealing children from Christ for worship of the state
35
Q

How did Mussolini ease tensions about youth groups?

A
  • Summer 1931 deal, youth groups to not organise sports, only recreational and education stuff that is purely religious + no former PPI members to be youth leaders
  • Feb 1932 M and Pope confirmed mutual views on gender values, foreign police and hate for SU and communism
  • 388,000 members by 1939 for Catholic Youth Groups after tensions eased
36
Q

What were some minor disagreements between church and state?

A
  • Girls involvement in physical activities of the fascist youth organisations
  • Worried that this did not prepare girls for maternity
  • Fascist attitude to prostitution was brothels were a natural part of male culture
37
Q

What was a more serious tension that arose in 1938?

A
  • Concerns about Mussolini’s attack on Jews
  • This conflicted with the Concordant and the authority that Jews could convert to Catholicism through marriage
  • Pope wrote a letter against racism
  • Unable to be published due to death on 10th Feb 1939
  • He was replaced by Pius XII

History A Level - Italy (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions