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History A Level - Italy > Mussolini's Consolidation of Power > Flashcards

Mussolini's Consolidation of Power Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Mussolini’s cabinet look like once he was in power?

A
  • 4 Fascists
  • 4 Liberals
  • 2 PPI members
  • 1 ANI member
  • 2 members of the military
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2
Q

What would Mussolini appoint himself once in power, include his choice of economist?

A
  • Foreign Minister
  • Minister for the interior
  • Appointed Alberto De’Stefani
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3
Q

When did the PNF absorb the ANI?

A
  • February 1923
  • PNF were the only ones showing Italian Nationalism
  • Blushirts merged with MVSN
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4
Q

How did Mussolini absorb the PPI?

A
  • Increase of clerical pay
  • Reinstated crucifixes in schools
  • Banned anti-clerical publications
  • Banned contraception
  • Dropped liberal proposals to tax Church property
  • Pope Pius XI withdrew support for PPI
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5
Q

How would Stefano Cavazzoni convince the PPI to support the PNF?

A
  • he encouraged the party to Support Mussolini
  • July 1923, Luigi Sturzo would resign due to PPI being too absorbed into PNF (left in Oct)
  • Appointed Stefano Cavazzoni as minister of work and welfare
  • Pro-catholic policies would gain support of the Vatican
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6
Q

When and how did Mussolini gain emergency powers?

A
  • November 1922
  • speech on the 16th showed 300,000 fascists ready to take violent action
  • spoke about political and economic turmoil
  • fear of violence and civil war gave Mussolini emergency powers, on a vote of 306 to 116 for 1 year
  • Thought Mussolini could be influenced and tamed
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7
Q

When did Mussolini create the Fascist Grand Council? Name some key fascists he appointed.

A
  • December 1922

- Italo Balbo, Michele Bianchi and Emilio De Bono

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8
Q

How did the creation the Fascist Grand Council help Mussolini?

A
  • Allowed Mussolini centralised control over the party through his own choice of appointments
  • Undermined liberal institutions
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9
Q

When did Mussolini create the ‘Militia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale’ (MVSN) and why?

A
  • January 1923
  • Absorbed the squadristi, 300,000 men at his disposal
  • Ran my ex-army officers, 200 of the ras expelled
  • Members given uniform and high profile as more of a propaganda usage
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10
Q

Why would Mussolini see an end to the violence by the squads after creating the MVSN?

A
  • Party had grown to 738,000, lots of middle classes
  • King, army and liberal elites believed it was better to have the blackshirts under government control than provincial ras
  • Fascism was in power, less chance of socialist revolution therefore no need for violence
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11
Q

What was the ‘Cheka’ and who led it?

A
  • A personal bodyguard of fascist thugs to terrorise opponents
  • Led by Ameriqo Dumini
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12
Q

How did Mussolini placate the RCC?

A
  • Had his grown up kids baptised
  • Church wedding
  • Attacks on freemasonry
  • Reforms to absorb PPI (mentioned already)
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13
Q

How did Mussolini placate industrialists?

A
  • He did not attack tax evasion

- Persuaded ‘Confindustria’ to support him early in 1923

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14
Q

What were the terms of the Acerbo Law?

A
  • Party who got 25% of the votes would then posses 2/3 of the seats
  • Mussolini claimed it would bring stability
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15
Q

Who opposed the Acerbo Law and who supported it?

A
  • PCI and PSI opposed it
  • Liberal elites, the king and the Vatican supported it
  • PPI abstained from voting
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16
Q

How many votes did the Acerbo Law secure to get passed, when and why?

A
  • July 1923, 235 to 139
  • Fascist demonstrations in Tuscany and Umbria
  • Fascists in the debate intimidating
17
Q

When were the new elections held and who was murdered during the campaign?

A

6th April 1924

- Antonio Piccinini murdered during the campaign

18
Q

What were the results of the new elections?

A
  • Fascists 66% of the votes
  • Lots of violence and ballot-rigging contributed to this
  • Socialists an communists still got 2.5 mil votes and fascists failed to get majority in Milan or Turin
19
Q

What did the chamber now look like after new elections?

A
  • From 35 to 374 fascists
  • 39 PPI
  • 46 Socialists
  • 19 Communists
20
Q

What was the flaw in Italys electoral system?

A
  • People would vote for lists instead of candidates, therefore candidates would attempt to get onto the ‘National List’
  • Only 150 of 350 on the list were not fascists
  • Inclusion of liberals and Catholics gained PNF 66.3% votes
21
Q

When would Giacomo Matteotti speak in parliament against the fascists, what would this lead to?

A
  • 30th May 1924, he spoke against the fascist corruption
  • 10th June he was kidnapped and killed, his body found on the 16th August
  • Number plate of the car was his press secretary’s PA’s
  • Amerigo Dumini would be arrested for the kidnapping on the 12th June
  • 13th June 100 anti-fascists would leave parliament and set up own parliament on Aventine Hill outside Rome. ‘Aventine Secession’
22
Q

Where would Mussolini feel pressure from after Matteoti’s murder?

A
  • Old established elite was concerned about a PM linked to murder
  • PSI, PCI and anti-fascist were calling for his dismissal
  • The ras who saw this as the first step to a dictatorship
23
Q

How would Mussolini recover from the Matteotti crisis?

A
  • Appointed Luigi Federzoni and Alfredo Rocco as ministers of interior and justice
  • Press censorship (July), banned political meetings (August)
  • November 1924, ceased PNF violence and removed undisciplined members
  • 31st December delegation of squad leaders told him to take action or he will be removed, 2 days after Salandra declared opposition to Mussolini due to press censorship
24
Q

How would the King react?

A
  • Did not want to feed the revolutionary left

- Conservaties and key liberals, Giolitti, would encourage support for Mussolini

25
Q

How long did Dumini serve for the crime and what was his compensation?

A
  • He served 11 months
  • Received 2.37 million Lire up until 1943
  • Mussolini would also send financial aid to Matteotti’s widow and children
26
Q

When did Mussolini make his speech asserting a dictatorship?

A

3rd January 1925
- Took full responsibility for actions
12th January
- Mussolini assumed control of the cabinet and took on roles such as minister of foreign affairs, wars etc

27
Q

How would Mussolini take control of the radicals in his party?

A
  • February 1925, Farinacci as PNF secretary
  • Tasked to purge radicals and dilute squadristi power
  • Increased membership from 600,000 to 938,000
  • October, ras disbanded squads by Fascist Grand Council
28
Q

How would Mussolini gain army support and undermine socialist and catholics in 1925?

A
  • Increased officer and generals pay and appointment of Pietro Badoglio as role of chief of general staff
  • 2nd October, Palazzo Vidoni Pact, official fascist unions to represent workers
  • These unions supported industrialists, gaining their support too
29
Q

What would allow Mussolini to introduce repressive laws in 1925/26

A
  • 4th August 1925, Tito Zaniboni arrested for alleged plot to assassinate Mussolini
  • Allowed press law, approval by state ad allowing government to sack public workers
30
Q

What was the President title changed to in December 1925?

A
  • Head of Government and Duce of fascism
31
Q

What was the ‘Leggi Fascistimme’ laws passed in December 1925

A
  • Banned all political parties and organisations
  • Press censorship
  • OVRA secret police
  • Special court for political crimes - ‘Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State’, 17 years, 26 executions
32
Q

When was Mussolini granted the ability to rule by decree

A

January 1926

- Make laws without discussion, consultation to vote of Parliament

33
Q

Who were the ‘podestas’

A
  • Local government were replaced by them
  • The prefects appointed by Mussolini
  • Prefects would take presidence over the ras
34
Q

Who became the new PNF secretary in March 1926?

A

Augusto Turati

35
Q

When would the King lose right to select PM

A

1928

- List was now drawn up by the Grand Council of fascism

History A Level - Italy (17 decks)

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