Consent and Control - Fascist State Part 2 Flashcards
What was art / architecture usually linked to?
- Strong links to Ancient Rome
- Art sometimes linked to strong industrial workers
How did plays depict fascist culture?
- Giuseppe Forzano produced Napoleon, Camillo Benso di Cavour and Julius Caesar, all about patriotic leader bs to link to Mussolini
- Mussolini was listed as co-author
how did films depict fascist culture?
- Vechia Guardia, Luciano Serra, Pilot and the siege of Alcazar
- 87% of all box office takings were Hollywood-produced films
What was the Espiosizione Universale Roma?
- An extension to Rome designed to combine housing apartment, monument and government buildings
What sports venue was built between 1928 and 38?
Foro Mussolinia
How many people were killed under the fascists?
- 2,000 political opponents
- 400 once in power
When did Mussolini ban all other political parties?
- November 1926
- Banned all political parties and suppressed any of those Italians against the regime
- Death Penalty reintroduced for those who tried to assassinate the king or Mussolini
What was ‘Confino’?
- Special Tribunals which could sent political opponents into dissent, usually in the south for an unspecified amount of time
- Effects were financially devastating and families received discrimination
- Employers found it dangerous to employ confino mateys
When were the Political Police formed?
- 1926 under Arturo Bocchini
- Successful at suppressing anti-facism with spies across Italy
What was the Servizi Militari informative Italiani (SIM)?
- Military spying organisation
- Worked on assassination of prominent anti-fascist Carlo and Nello Rosselli in Paris
What did the Rosseli brothers do?
- Jewish Italian academics disgusted by PNF violence, Carlo was a PSI member and anti-fascist
- 1926 he was arrested for 5 years on Lipari Islands for helping opponents of fascism overseas
- 1929 fled to Paris with Nello to form anti-fascist ‘justice and liberty’
- During Spanish Civil War they got 30,000 of the Garibaldi Brigade to join anti-fascist forces who beat the PNF (March 1937)
- M’s son in law count Galeazzo Giano organised a French fascist hit squad and in June 1937 they were murdered
When was OVRA set up and what did it do?
- 1927, the Italian secret police made by Bocchini
- 5,000 informers to stomp down on domestic anti-fascism
- Infiltrated universities, business, fascist unions and could be anywhere where workers would meet
- Italian mail was examined and phone calls were listened to by the Special Reserve Service
How successful were Bocchini’s organisations?
- Held files on over 130,000 Italians
- Special Tribunals persecuted 13,547 case and imposed 27,742 years of jail
- 10,000 sent to confino and 100’s arrested weekly
- Only 9 death penalties before WW2 show success of little opposition
- Most opponents had fled (socialists and communists)
Who was M particularly concerned about?
- Slovenes who were restricted in their culture and speaking of their national language, faced lots of opposition from fascist authorities
Why did the fascist dictatorship begin declining after 1936?
- Economic issues
- Growing concern about relations with Germany and the
- M’s inability to fulfil promises to the people for supporting the dictatorship
Why did anti-semitic legislation not make sense for Italy?
- 45,000 Jews in the country, less than 1%
- Many Jews were fascist
- M’s mistress Margherita Sarfatti was Jewish
- Jewish finance minister in 1932
When was anti-Semitic legislation introduced and what did it prohibit jews from doing?
1938
- Prevented marriage to ‘pure’ Italians
- Not allowed to hold public office jobs
- Now allowed to own more than 50 hectares of land
- Running a business with over 100 employees or ‘pure’ Italian slaves
- Foreign Jews to be deported
- Jewish students and Italian Lecturers expelled
How did Jews react to this legislation?
- Over the next 3 years 6,000 jews left the country
What did Mussolini think the anti-semitic legislation would achieve?
- Help create a more militaristic, harsher, and more radicalised society that hated external and internal enemies
- A more totalitarian state like Germany’s
What was Mussolini’s slogan for totalitarianism?
- He wanted to stray away from the negative use by Giovanni Amendola
- ‘everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state’
What was the ‘reform of customs’ policy?
- Ideological campaign which forced civil servants into uniforms and army to adopt the passo Romano (goose step)
- Italians forbidden to shake hands and instead had to of the ‘Roman Salute’
- Attempt to radicalise society
How did the people react to ‘reform of customs’ ?
- Pointless and just copying Germany
- People didnt even want anti-semitism
- Pope condemned it as an Un-Italian attempt to copy Germany
