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History A Level - Italy > Mussolini Foreign Policy > Flashcards

Mussolini Foreign Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

What were some of M’s key aims with foreign policy?

A
  • Wanted to move away from weak liberal government (Paris Peace Conference) ‘mutilated victory’
  • Successful foreign policy would enhance fascism and cult of il duce
  • Assert Italy as a power in Europe
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2
Q

What were more aggressive aims of M’s when it came to foreign policy?

A
  • Revising the T of V and expanding into Africa (Abyssinia)
  • Assert dominance in the Mediterranean as Britain made them a ‘prisoner of the sea’
  • A more aggressive Italy with irredentism and spazio vitale for the Italians (living space)
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3
Q

Why did M want to overcome the ‘mutilated victory’?

A
  • He believed Italy deserved Fiume and more land

- Basically just bare land

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4
Q

Why did M want to gain a strong empire abroad?

A
  • Wanted to catch up to Britain and France

- Finish pacification of Libya and get Abyssinia

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5
Q

Why might Italy want Austria?

A
  • Had ruled over it previously
  • Irredente lands
  • Germany would stop them Anschluss
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6
Q

Why did Italy want territory in the Mediterranean?

A
  • Access to military power
  • Access to Libya
  • Mare Nostrum
  • Britain would stop this due to their strong navy
  • France had lots of trade already in Northern Africa
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7
Q

Why did Italy want territory around the Adriatic and in the Balkans?

A
  • To gain irredente lands and overcome the ‘mutilated victory’
  • Russia, Yugoslavia, Albania and the LofN would not allow this
  • Greece owned some islands
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8
Q

Why would Italy struggle to achieve its goals of foreign policy?

A
  • Did not meet military requirements to stand up to bigger countries
  • Economic dependance on Britain
  • Goals are vague and big
  • The League of Nations
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9
Q

What led to the Corfu incident of 1923?

A
  • 27th August 1923 Italian General Enrico Tellini and 4 of his staff were assassinated in Corfu
  • They were running an inter-allied commission of drawing a border between Greece and Albania
  • Mussolini blamed the Greek Government even though they may have themselves carried out the assassination
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10
Q

What did Mussolini demand following the Corfu incident?

A
  • An Apology
  • Funeral service at a Catholic Church in Athens with honour to the Italian Flag
  • 50 million Lire penalty
  • Public honour to Italy
  • Arrest of criminal within 5 days and to put them to death
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11
Q

When did Italy act on Corfu and what did they do?

A
  • 31st August bombarded Corfu without warning and occupied the island
  • Actions were celebrated by nationalists and the elite
  • Head of navy, Thaon di Revel celebrated these actions too
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12
Q

How did the League of Nations react to the Corfu incident?

A
  • With British backing demanded that Italy move off from Corfu
  • Italy’s reality was that they would not survive 48 hours against Britain
  • 27th September Italy left and received the 50 million lire from Greece
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13
Q

What were the successes of the Corfu incident?

A
  • Showed he was a dynamic ruler ready to go against the League of Nations
  • Gained 50 million lire nan withdrew safely
  • Boost for 1924 elections
  • Ready to bully smaller countries
  • He was better than the weak liberal governments
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14
Q

What were the failures of the Corfu incident?

A
  • He had to accept Italys position in relation to the world powers
  • He was forced out by the power of Britain
  • Domestically was strong but on an international level he was not
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15
Q

When were Yugoslavia prepared to give up Fiume and why?

A
  • January 1924
  • They had built up a greater port at Split
  • They were to give Italy Fiume for their recognition of Yugoslavian rule at ‘Susak’
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16
Q

Was Italy gaining Fiume a success?

A
  • Domestic success due to d’Annunzio etc
  • Not a success because the port was useless
  • Fiume was now isolated from its hinterland and stagnated
17
Q

Were the Locarno Treaty 1925 a success?

A
  • Affirmed Western borders of Germany creating peace in Europe
  • Italy were unable to negotiate its Austrian borders
  • But the fact they were invited showed them as a big power
  • Mussolini nominated for Nobel Peace Prize
18
Q

How did Mussolini influence Albania?

A
  • Backed Ahmet Zogu’s presidency in January 1925
  • Also backed his self proclamation as King in 1928
  • Extended Italian influence in south Eastern Europe at the expense of Yugoslavia
  • Treaty of Friendship in 1926 between Italy and Albania
19
Q

How did Mussolini undermine Yugoslavia?

A
  • Provided support to the Croation Ustasha and Macedonian nationalist movements who wanted away from the Yugoslav state
  • 1934 Croation terrorists who were financed and trained in Italy assassinated the Yugoslavian king, Alexander
20
Q

Who was representing the powers at the Locarno Treaties?

A
  • Austen Chamberlain (Britain)
  • Aristide Briand (France)
  • Gustav Stresemann (Germany)
  • Dino Grandi (Italy)
21
Q

What was happening in Libya?

A
  • Italy were having a colonial war after local tribe people starting rebelling in WW1
  • This was not reported on due to slow progress by the Italian army fighting against poorly armed mateys
22
Q

When did Italy take a more brutal approach towards Libya?

A
  • 1929 Marshal Badoglio took control of Italian forces and began the pacification of Libya
  • Use of poison gas
  • Concentration camps
  • Starvation
23
Q

Some key stats from Pacification of Libya?

A
  • 1/3 population starved to death
  • 100,000 forced from home
  • 40,000 dead
  • Omar el Mukhtar hanged in 1931 (rebel leader)
24
Q

What was some evidence of Italy having good relations with Britain?

A
  • Good relations with Winston Churchill and Austen Chamberlain
  • During Locarno Treaties Britain helped Italy claim Albania
  • Italy pressured Turkey to give oil-rich Mosul to Britain
  • Up until 1936 they were buddies
25
Q

What was some evidence of tensions between Italy and Britain?

A
  • Italy could not stand up to Britain due to their supreme navy and military power (Corfu), led to Italian rearming
  • Mussolini tried to establish pro-Italians in Malta to undermine Britain
  • After revaluation of the Lira 1927 Italy heavily dependant on USA and Britain
26
Q

What was some evidence of Italy having good relations with France?

A
  • Willing to work with them during the Locarno Treaties

- Good relations with Britain led to a maintenance of relation with France

27
Q

What was some evidence of tensions between Italy and France?

A
  • Lots of anti-fascist exiles
  • French not happy with OVRA operating in France
  • France seen as obstacle to power in the Med and imperialist aims in Africa
  • French wee worried about Tunisia’s Italian population that M may try to claim
  • Raising possibilities and tries for anti-French alliances with Germany, Spain and Hungary
28
Q

What was evidence of Italy having good relations with Germany?

A
  • Locarno treaties
  • Kellog-Briand Pact
  • Italy supported nationalist groups in Germany to overthrow the Weimar Republic
29
Q

What was some evidence of tensions between Italy and Germany?

A
  • Mussolini did not want Anschluss as he would be surrounded
  • He wanted to revise the Versailles settlement but focus on the Rhine
  • Him and Hitler praised each other before and wrote letters to each other
30
Q

What was the ‘Four Power Pact’ ?

A
  • Germany should receive some territorial claims within the control of the pact
  • Britain, France, Italy and Germany
  • Signed 15th July 1933 but not ratified by Britain and France
  • France didn’t due to links with Czechoslovakia and Poland who feared German expansion
  • Also undermined by Hitlers leaving of the LofN
31
Q

How did M react to the Nazi coup in Austria?

A
  • July 1934 Nazi’s assassinated the Austrian Chancellor, Englebert Dolfuss to pursue Anschluss
  • Mussolini reacted strongly against this and mobilised four divisions and moving equipment to the Brennner Frontier between Austria and Italy

History A Level - Italy (17 decks)

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