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Patient > Muskoskeletal System > Flashcards

Muskoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone makers- bone develops from monucleate cell

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2
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone breakers- resorption of bone

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone maintainer- mature bone cell maintains the bone and protects it from

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4
Q

Osteocytes function?

A

Surrounds osteoid

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5
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete snd its function?

A

Enzymes and acid.

Enzymes degrade osteoid

Acid dissolves calcium phosphate crystals and they are released into blood

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6
Q

Effects of abnormal growth hormone secretion (gh)

A

Dwarfism- decreased gh secretion in kids

Gigantism- increased GH

Acromegaly- increased GH in adults- affects visual characteristics in adults

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7
Q

Other hormones that affect growth ?

A

Thyroid hormones- required for synthesis of GH and actions

Insulin- permissive cellular actions of GH

Sex hormones- important for pubertal growth, postmenopausal deficiency

Glucocorticoids- inhibit growth, raise concern when treating children with chronic doses of glucocorticoids in asthma

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8
Q

Bone associated diseases

A

Osteomalacia- rickets

Osteoporosis

Osteoarthritis

Gout

Rheumatoid arthritis

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9
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Rickets

Deficiency in bone- softening and weakening of bones this is because of lack of dietary sufficiency vitamin D2 AND vitamin D3 lack of sunlight

Renal disease - decreases calcitriol

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10
Q

How is osteomalacia treated

A

Vitamin D

Ergocalciferol- vitamin d in found

Calcitriol if renal disease - it is made in kidney binds to and activates vitamin d receptors

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11
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Low bone density

More common in women

Causes post menopausal

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12
Q

Gout

A

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints

Big toe

Triggers acute arthritic symptoms due to inflammatory response

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13
Q

Myofibrils

A

Give skeletal muscle striated appearance

Orderly arrangement of thick and thin filaments

Actin and myosin filaments

Filaments form sarcomeres

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14
Q

What are the 3 proteins in thin filament

A

Actin- binding sites for myosin

Troponin- binds to acting, tropomyosin and calcium for skeletal contraction

Tropomyosin- interacts with actin myosin and troponin to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation

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15
Q

2 binding sites of myosin head:

A

Actin binding site

Atpase- nucleotide binding sites

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16
Q

Cross bridge cycle

A

Myosin binds to actin causing ATP breakdown into PI and ADP. Pi provides energy for power stroke. Actin is pulled to middle of sacromere where myosin is. ADP is released .

Myosin is in low energy form called rigor mortis- ATP needs new myosin and calcium. ATP binds to troponin.

ATP separates actin from myosin head

To separate actin from myosin head ATP is hydrolysed and Myosin head will close and go into resting state ready for next contraction - myosin is in high energy form

17
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Where action potential in sacrolemma causes contraction

Depends on neural input from motor neuron

Requires calcium from sacoplasmic reticulum

18
Q

What happens during excitation contraction coupling

A

Release of acetylcholine from axon terminal of motor neurons and binds to receptors. This binding causes a localised change in membrane permeability leading to action potential in muscle cell.

Action potential spreads rapidly along sarcolemma and T tubules

Action potential triggers calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca binds to troponin exposing myosin binding Sites

Cross bridge cycle begins muscle fibre contracts

Ca is Transported back to sacroplasmic reticulum this blocks myosin binding sites and muscle relaxes

19
Q

How does the contraction terminate ?

A

Calcium must leave causing tropomyosin to cover myosin binding sites on actin

To remove calcium from cytosol calcium - ATPase in sacroplasmic reticulum trasnports calcium from cytosol back

This ends acetylcholine release ans action potentials

20
Q

How do muscle cells provide ATP to drive cross bridge cycle ?

A

ATP used by muscle:

Cross bridge cycle
Splitting of atp by myosin atpase
Binging of fresh atp to myosin

ATP used to maintain ion gradients

Na k pump
Relaxation
Active transport

Patient (15 decks)

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