Music In The 13th and 14th cent Flashcards
to get everything either blue or green. AKA to pass the kreyszig exam.
What was the simplest type of two tone music?
Playing a melody against a drone. The drone grounded the tonal centre.
What is an early form of counterpoint?
An Organum.
What is a principal voice? What is the latin word for it?
The original chant melody in the organum. vox principalis.
What is an organal voice? What is the latin word for it?
The voice opposite to the principal voice moving in exact parallel motion. vox organalis.
True or false
Parallel fifths were commonly used in early polyphony and were considered beautiful.
True
What is musica enchiriadis and why is it significant?
Treaties (rules) of polyphony. uses heightened neumes as an indication of pedagogical (teaching) intent. Also outlines the four types of movement.
What is parallel organum?
Type of polyphony in which an added voice moves in exact parallel to a chant.
What is a mix parallel organum?
Also known as oblique organum it combines unison and parallel motion.
What is contrary and similar motion?
types of harmony in which the two voices, (not parallel), are moving a)in different directions and b) the same direction.
What is note against note organum
Organum in which the voices move in contrary, similar, parallel and oblique motion against the chant. this is usually above the chant. Both voices move, as opposed to one moving and the other being a drone.
What is Aquintanian polyphony?
Style of polyphony form that encompasses both discant and florid organum. Comes from France. began in the 12th century.
Describe discant organum.
When the upper voice has three notes to the tenors one note.
What is florid organum?
Various notes from the upper group above the singular lower voice note that moves slower.
What is a lower voice in an organum called (both latin and english)?
The tenor or tenere. means to hold.
Both discant organum and florid organum are examples of what?
Note against note organum. (aka discantus)
What is score notation?
Notation where different voices or parts are aligned vertically to show how they are coordinated with each other.
What church came up with a polyphonic style that they name after themselves?
Cathedral of Notre Dame in paris.
what theorist is credited with the creation of Notre Dame polyphony?
Johannes de Garlandia
What are ligaturae (this is the plural of ligature)?
Combination of note groups to indicate different patterns of longs and breves.
How many basic rhythmic modes are there?
6
The 6 basic patterns of ligaturae and notae simplices are known as the_____?
Rhythmic modes
What is the first rhythmic mode?
Longa + Breve
Second rhythmic mode?
Breve+Longa
Third rhythmic mode?
Longa + Breve + Breve
What is the 4th rhythmic mode?
Breve + Breve + Longa
What is the fifth rhythmic mode
Longa + Longa
What is the 6 th rhythmic mode?
Breve + Breve + Breve
What is the basic time unit according to notre dame polyphony?
Tempus 6/8 or 3/8 time
Who are the two composers most commonly associated with polyphony of notre dame?
Leoninus and Perotinus.
What book is attributed to Leonin and Perotin? what is it?
Magnus liver organi. (1285). it is a book full of organa (directly translates to “large book of organum”)
What is the melodic formula in notre dame polyphony called?
Colores.
What did Pertinus do to the Magnus liber?
Edited it and wrote better clausulae. this is called substitute clasulae.
What is a clausula?
Textbook:A self contained section of an organum that closes with a cadence. Handout: setting word or syllable of chant and closing with a cadence.
could functions as replacement segment of organum.
New clausula that replace old one are known as?
Substitute clausulae. this is generally in the discantus style.
Leoninus wrote organum duple and triplum Perotinus wrote what?
Organa Quadruplum. He also wrote some organum triplum.
What is a polyphonic conductus.
A serious medieval song setting a rhymed rhythmic Latin poem. Adding words to a clausula.
What is the difference between conductus and Notre Dame polyphony?
In the conductus
1: tenor melody is newly composed or drawn from existing monophonic passages. NOT biblical.
2: all voice sing in same rhythm
3: syllabic, but most feature melismatic passages known as caudae. these usually began or ended the piece.
4. rhymed.
What was the new genre created at notre dame.
Motets.
What is a motet?
Clausula with words= motet:p Adding newly written Latin Words to the upper voice of the discant (originally these already exsisted before being made into a motet). translates “the word”. Experimental genre.
in 1270 when triple motets became common, what was the new name given for a tenor part that was taken from another work?
Hieronymus de Moravia created the term cantus firmus.
Who created Franconian notation and in what book is it in?
Franco of Cologne and his Ars cantus mensurabilis.
How many beats are considered perfection?
Three.
The Franconian notation changed the way notes were what?
Notated. Stupid question I know, but should still be understood.
Rondellus?
Start at same pitch, bi Like voice exchange but rather in sequences.
Rota?
Perpetual (ongoing) Canon. Preference for simple melodies,
What is Ars Nova?
The new French musical style inaugurated by virtue in the 14 th cent. “the technical desingation of the new era”
Who wrote the Ars nova treaties?
Pillippe de Vitry.
What note values were added smaller than minims in theth century ars nova?
semiminim, fusa, and semifusa. aka 8th, sixteenth, and 32nd.
The modern time signature was once called what?
Menstration signs.
Opponent to the the Ars nova and supporter of the Ars antique was who?
Jacques de Liege of Flemish.
What did Jacques de Liege complain about?
Duple was not perfect, but triple was and the imperfect consonance used.
What is a prolation?
the relationship between semi breve and minim. This is represented in the mestration signs as dot.
A note could break down to how many parts?
Perfect (3) or imperfect (2). this is called duple or triple division.
Who wrote the earliest musical works of Ars nova?
Philippe de Virty.
What is isorhythmic? who used it?
Repetition in voice part of extended patterns of duration through out a section. Or an entire composition. Kreyszig’s definition “defined as lengthy melodic and or rhythmic patterns in tenor of motets serving as delineation of overal structure of composition”. De Vitry used it.i
What are taleas and colores
Taleas are repeating rhythmic units and colores are recurring melodies.
What is a hocket?
Where two voices alternate in rapid succession each resting while the other sings. OR (and i wikipedia’d it, and it means both) the use of rests as a compositional technique and not just to signify breaths.
Who is the most important composer of the ars nova period?
Guillaume de Machaut. he also was a poet.
What is the countratenor?
Supports tenor. below.
what monophonic french songs did Machaut write that continued the trouvere tradition?
He wrote examples of the three formes fixes.
What were the three forms fixes?
Virelai, Ballade, Rondeau. And they are all dance like.
What is the form of a Ballade? Rondeau? Vireli?
Pg 125.
An Organum.
A style of polyphony with an enriched melody for two or more voices singing different notes in an agreeable combination.
what are the three intervals that you can have a parallel organum at?
octave, fifth, fourth.
define diabolus in musica
the devil in music. this was the tritone.
what was the winchester troper
a book written (perhaps) by wulfstan of winchester. it contained 174 organa.
why was there only one voice notated in the winchester troper?
simply the organal voice (newly composed voice) was written. it was assumed that the monks memorized the original chant.
was the crossing of the vox principalis and the vox organalis allowed? (switching the cantus firmus from one voice to the other)
yes, it happened occasionally.
what is the formal name for two-voice organum?
organum purum OR organum per se.
What is the Latin name for the principal voice and the organal voice?
Vox prinsipalis and vox organalis.
How did modes change in the 13th and 14th cent?
Modes were no longer just referred to as melodic, but there were now rhythmic modes.
Ars Nova polyphonic songs were also known as?
Chansons. they had the melody in the cantus.
What is the treble dominant style?
Where the upper voice ( cantus or treble) voice is the principal line supported by tenor. Some times counter tenors and triplum are added.
What is Ars Subtilior?
Style of polyphony distinguished by extreme complexity in rhythm and notation. For professional musicians.
Who is attributed to the idea of Ars Subtilitor( the subtle manner)?
Theorist Philippus de Caserta.
What did the Ars Subtilior introduce?
New notational signs and combinations of different meter.
What is Trecento?
Italian period of the 14th century. different than france.
How did the Italian differ from the French notation system.
Breves were broken down more and that grouping of semibreves were marked by dots. kreyszig: “in music making, compositional practices, and notational practice. “ more emphasis on context.
What three types of secular music appeared in Italy in the 14th century?
Madrigals, caccia and ballatta.
What is a 14th cent Madigal?
A song for two to three voices without instrumental accompaniment. Usually the same text and closes with a ritornello (Italian for refrain) set to a different meter.
What is a caccia?
To hunt. Where the popular style melody is set in strict cannon to lively descriptive words. Voicing pursuing as a representation of the chase.
What is a ballatta?
AbbaA Dance form. A= ripresa (refrain) b= piedi (feet) a = Volta Italian for Dance. influenced by the treble dominated french chanson style.
Who was Francesco Landini?
The leading Trecento composer of the time.particularly ballatta.
What was Francesco most known for?
Sweetness of harmony. Contains thirds and 6s. Voice melodies!!!!
Melismatic to reflect Italian style alternating with passages in syllabic declamation.
Where the tenor descends by a step and the upper voice descends a lower neighbor then skipped up be third?
Landini cadence.
How did musicians in the 14 th cent distinguish between instruments?
by relative range using haut (high) and bas (low).
What were the most common low(bas) instruments?
Harp vielles lute portative organ, transverse flute and recorder.
What were the high (haut) instruments?
Shawn, cornets, trumpet.
What is an istanpita?
Dance.
The editorial practice of raising or lowering by semitones the pitch of a written note? Particularly at a cadence. used to eliminate the tritone (diabolis in musica)
Musica ficta
The bottom voice moves down a whole tone and an upper voices moves up a semitones forming a major third and major 6 th expanding to an open fifth and octave.
Double leading tone cadence.
Cadence where lower voice moves a semitones and upper voice raises a whole tone?
Phrygian cadence.
What were the repertories of Acquitian polyphony?
Sequence, domino, responsorial chants, versus.
What are the two types of polyphony as written by the Acquitian theorists.
Discantus and organum.
What are the two types of modal notation?
Notatio sine litteris (without text) found in organa, and notatio cum litteris( with text) with rhythm dictated by text.
What are three important practices in organa quadruplm.
Voice crossing, voice exchange and cross relations.
what’s the difference between discantus and organum?
discantus (note against note) is two or more moving voices and organum is the general classification of early polyphony.
what three types of acquitanian polyphony existed?
sequences, the benedicamus domino, and solo portions of responsorial chants.
define versus
rhyming poetry set to an organum.
why was score notation better than successive notation in early polyphony.
it was easier to see which was the cantus firmus.
which pieces use successive notation?
motet and one more that I cant remember.
What is tempus?
the relationship between the Breve and semi breve. in the mensuration signs, it is a circle. It can be perfect or imperfect.
What is the marking for tempus in 2/4 time? Prolatio?
Tempus=imperfect. Prolatio=imperfect.
Half circle, no dot.
What is the the quality of tempus in 3/4 time? Prolatio?
Tempus=perfect prolatio=imperfect. Full circle, no dot.
What does a change in colour from black to red or white in manuscript mean?
A) mensuration change OR:
b) reduction of the individual note rhythm by 1/3 or 1/2 (still contextual)
What is the tempus in 6/8 time? Prolatio?
Tempus= imperfect Prolatio=perfect. half circle with dot?
What is the tempus in 9/8 time? Prolatio?
Tempus and Prolatio= perfect. full circle with a dot.
What is modern verses the old cadence between?
Stepwise cadences from leaping cadence.
Label symbols for these values. BL LL BB LB SS
BL= cum proprietate et cum perfection
LL=sine cum
BB=Cum sine
LB= sine sine.
What was the relationship between longs and breve a called?
Modus.
when was the Notre Dame polyphony first written about? When was it first written down?
the earliest treatise was from around 1200, while the earliest surviving manuscript is from 1240.
what does the square bracket mean in modern transcriptions of organum?
it represents the ligaturae.
what are the two types of brevae (plural of breve)?
recta and altera
what is the maximum amount that a rhythmic mode can be repeated (aka maximum modes in one tempus)?
three.
define ostinato in repect to rhythm
a repeating rhythm in two part organum. usu occurs in the tenor.
define caudae
the melismatic passges in conductus. means tail. usually includes phrase repetitions and voice exchange.
What treatise identifies leonin and perotin?
Anonymous vi
What was leonin’s job?
Organist at Norte dame. Wrote organs for church.
True or false, leonin and perotin had masters degrees.
True.
What are the two meanings of discantus?
Not against note and the top voice in an organum. This is also known as the cantina or duplum.
In a piece with both polyphony and monophony, which does the soloist sing and which does the choir sing.
Soloist polyphony, choir monophony.
What three styles are found in the viderunt omnes side by side?
Plainchant, organum with a vox principalis( a borrowed voice) and a vox originalis (newly composed).
who made ars nova contributions alongside de Vitry?
Johannes de Muris (aka jean de Meurs)
which came first, de Vitry’s treatises or the innovations in his compositions?
they existed about the same time.
during the time of what composer were the rhytmic modes introduced? why?
leonin, and as an aid to memorization. It also allowed coordinations between parts.
define ostinato. why was it used in organa?
a repeating rhythmic or melodic pattern. used as a means of creating order within extended passages.
what are the names of the voices in Organa Quadrupla?
from top to bottom: quadrupulum or discantus, triplum, duplum or motetus, and the tenor or vox principalis or the cantus firmus.
what are the names of the voices in organa tripla?
from top to bottom: triplum or discantus, duplum or motetus. and the tenor or vox principalis or cantus firmus.
define polyphonic conductus
two, three, or four voiced pieces based on the monophonic conductus. same text in all voices.
what is special about the conductus with cauda as opposed to ones without?
they are throughcomposed, that is they contain absolutely no repetition.
what are the names of the voices in a two voice motet?
duplum or motetus or discantus, and tenor.
polytextual motet
different texts in each voice in a motet. the second text is a kind of trope on the original chant (cited in the tenor).AKA gloss upon gloss.
why does the motet have so much irregularity? (no set line lenght, accentuation, or rhyme scheme)
because it arose from the unstructured claudae.
what are the uses for NAWM #21a: Motet on tenor Dominus: Factum est salutare/dominus
a) as part of the gradual viderunt omnes
b) as an independent genre
what are the compositional possibilities of the motet?
a) adding different texts in Latin or French
b) addition of third or fourth voices
c) providing additional texts for added voices
d) deletion of original duplum
e) possibility of writing motet without any borrowing of materials.
define double motet
a motet with two texts above the original text
define triple motet
three texts above the tenor: four texts total.
what are the characteristics of NAWM #21c: Motets on Tenor Dominus: Super te/ sed fulsit/ dominus
three voice polytextual motet, with tenor not directly adopted from clausula. excellent example of concordantia: two different variant sources.
what are the characteristics of NAWM #21d: Motets on Tenor dominus: super te/ sed fulsit. primus tenor/ dominus
from a worcester fragment, untexted fourth voices. the voice designations are triplum, duplum, tenor I, and tenor II.
when were motets performed?
a) sacred motets in services, b) secular motets as music for elite (inc. patrons, clerics, poets, teachers, and university students)
after 1250 how was the motet repertory widened?
they no longer relied on existing clasulae, but could use any pre-existing piece.
define rhythmic modes
a system of groupings of note lenghts identified through ligaturae.
how was the motet the perfect genre to begin the rhythmic modes
they were syllabic, and didnt use ligaturae. therefore the inclusion of ligaturae to denote rhythm didn’t interfere with the melody.
what four note values are included in the Franconian system?
a) longa duplex, b) longa, c)brevis, d) semibrevis.
define perfectio
a group of three within a franconian tactus.
What are the characteristics (in this case, the voices and layout of the page) of NAWM #22: motet De ma dame vient/ Dius comment parroi/ omnes by Adam de la Halle?
it was a franconian motet. the cantus is on the verso of the leaf, the duplum is on the recto of the next folio, and the tenor stretches across the verso and following recto (running across two pages).
who was Petrus de Cruce?
he was a motet writer. he created petronian notation, which was more complex than franconian notation, but not as detailed as de Vitry’s notation.
what is preponderance of consonant writing?
The thought that consonance is better is starting now. dissonances appear less frequently, and the cadence structures focus on predominantly stepwise progressions.
what knowledge/style did English composers have of music?
a)they were fluent in all notre dame genres, b) discantus settings of sequences and tropes for the mass, c)focus on sacred Latin textshomorhythmic style and regular phrasing of conductus.
what are some distinctive features of English music?
a)use of perfect consonnances, b) harmonic thirds and sixths allowed in their Notre Dame repertories, c)Gerald of Wales’s description of improvised part singing around 1200, d)voice exchange, e)rota.
what was De Vitry’s job?
theorist and composer, but is also known for being a poet, church canon, and administrator for the Duke of Bourbon and King of France.
what are the characteristics for Machaut’s motets?
isorhythmic and nonisorhythmic. some based tenors on chants, some based tenors on secular tunes, occasional upper voice isorhythmic passages, hocket.
define panisorhythmic motet
a isorhythmic motet with the isorhythm in the upper voices. (not essential, but in his notes anyway)
what is the first polyphonic setting of the ordinarium missae in the history of western music?
Machaut’s La Messe de Notre Dame(NAWM #26)
what are the designation of voices in La Messe de Notre Dame (NAWM 26)
triplum, duplum, tenor, contratenor.
Where is the tenor borrowed from in La Messe de Notre Dame?
gregorian chant. b/c it is a mass. this is the cantus firmus.
define musica reservata
heightened text declamation.
define equal voice style
all voices are in the style of the discantus. this is used as a means of lending emphasis to a particular passage.
define chansons. what are their characteristics?
a french polyphonic song. the cantus is the melody bearing voice, and the texture is treble dominated. on occasion the tenor and contratenor parts are reversed in the in the manuscripts.
define integer valor
the black notes in de Vitry’s notation. probably don’t need to know this, but just in case…
was italy a country?
no, it was a collection of independant city-states (cities with their own government).
how does the trecento style vary from the French forme fixe?
tecento has more melodic fluidity and rhythmic variety.
what are the main characteristics of the Italian style?
they are equally voiced, there is melodic fluidity, there is rhythmic variety, the first and last accented syllable of each line of poetry is set as a long melisma, and the syllables of text between the first and last syllable is set in syllablic style.
what are the main characteristics of the Italian cacia
two voices in canon, free untexted tenor in slower motion, irregular poetic form, and uses textpainting.
define textpainting
creating the image of the words through the contour of the music. ie singing about a hill on a ascending line.
was motet accompaniment to motets written out?
no. it was improvised on the organ.
would vocalists always perform the text?
no, it was dependant on circumstances. such as the availability of vocalists.
define full and broken consort.
a) instruments of the same timbre, and b) instruments of different timbres.
what was added to organs in germany in the 14th century?
pedal keyboards and stops.
when were the clavichord and harpsichord created
14th century.
define musica recta
fully notated music in manuscripts and early prints.
Montpellier codex.
Manuscript that contains Adam del la Halle’s de ma dame vieunt
