Mass And Secular Monophony Flashcards
define recitationes
the recitation of a biblical text ie, a gregorian chant
what are the three types of declamation?
melismatic( 1-4 to 6), neumatic(1-2 or 3), and syllabic (1-1).
define missa. what aspects does it consist of? (3)
the main service of the Roman Church. commemoration of the last supper. consists of prayers, biblical readings, and psalm singing.
where was the missa celebrated? how often? (3)
monasteries (daily), convents (daily), major churches (daily).
define ordinarium missae, and list its parts. (8)
the parts of the mass that are always present. this includes the kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus-benedictus, canon, pater noster, agnus dei, and ite missa est.
define proprium missae and list its parts. (10)
the parts of the mass that vary depending on the time of year. this includes the introit, collect, epistle, gradual, alleluia or tract or sequences, gospel, prayers and psalm 25, offertory, preface, communion, and the post communion.
list, in order, the 18 parts of the mass.
introit, kyrie, gloria, collect, epistle, gradual, alleluia or tract, or sequence, gospel, credo, prayers and psalm 25 and offertory, preface, sanctus benedictus, canon, pater noster, agnus dei, communion, post communion, ite missa est.
what parts of the mass were sung? (11)
introit, kyrie, gloria, gradual, alleluia, tract, sequences, credo, offertory, sanctus-benedictus,agnus dei, communion, and ite missa est.
which parts of the mass were spoken or recited?
8
collect, epistle, gospel, prayers and psalm 25, preface, canon, pater noster, and post-communion.
Define introit
Neumatic or group style, consists of an introductory antiphon (brief and freely composed, syllabic), a psalm verses (standard formula), an optional repeat of the antiphon, the lesser doxology or Gloria patri (omitted in lent) repeat of the antiphon.
Define kyrie
Neumatic, rarely melismatic, various musical schemes. In example: Kyrie a a a 3x Christe b b b 3x Kyrie a a a 3x
Define Gloria
Also known as the greater doxology. Omitted during lent, advent, other penitential days. No systematic repetition pattern. Opening phrase sung by priest or cantor, then choir joins.
Define collect
Prayer offered by priest. Recited to a recitation tone (to pick orationum). There are usually three collects per mass.
Define epistle
Usually from the epistles (letters) of the New Testament. Read or recited on a recitation pitch called tonus epistola.
Define gradual
Melismatic, responsorial chant. Sung on all Sunday’s except the first Sunday after Easter uses melodic formula.
Format: introductory respond, psalm verse, optional respond.
Define alleluia
Melismatic responsorial chant. Sung on all Sunday’s except during lent. During lent replaced by the tract. Format: refrain on a single word (alleluia), verse, then repetition of refrain.
Define the tract
Melismatic, direct psalmody without addition of antiphon or response. Sung by soloist. During lent. Also on certain occasions. Characteristic repetition of phrases. Centonization either in 2nd or 8th.
Define sequences in respect to the mass.
Optional, originally long Melismas sung without text after the alleluia. Later Melismas underlaid with text (prosa). it was used to prolong the mass on certain celebration days.
define gospel in respect to the mass
a passage from one of the four gospels (matthew, mark, luke, john) chanted in monotone with inflections (tonus evangelii)
this is followed by an optional sermon.
define credo
syllabic, no systematic repetition pattern, opening phrase sung by priest or cantor, then choir. it is the center of the service and the text cannot be changed.
define offertory
neumatic reponsorial chant, originally psalm with antiphon. this accompanies the placing of the bread and wine on the altar and the placing of the offering on the altar. usually the churches were government subsadized.
what usually begins the offertory?
a prayer and psalm. This is recited or spoken.
define preface in respect to the mass.
a solemn declaration of praise beginning with the words vere dignum.
define the sanctus-benedictus
neumatic, broken into two parts– “tripartite beginning” (this was the Sanctus in form aba sung by the priest or cantor then the choir) AND “tripartite ending (benedictus-hosanna- benedictus in the form aba)
define the canon
the central and most solemn proclamation said by the priest.
define pater noster
the Our Father. this is recited.
define agnus dei
neumatic or occasionally syllabic. it is usually a reflection of tripartite invocation: aba or aaa. less common is aab or abc
define communion (both in its historical context and the music used)
was not optional, only the minister could serve communion, all present gathered around the table, the minister got the wine, and the monks got the bread only.
music was neumatic, it originally was a antiphon and psalm during the distrubution of the elements.
what came after communion (aka define Post-Communion)
an antiphonal psalm that was spoken or recited.
what is the ite missa est?
this is the concluding salutation of Mass. usually shared melodic material with the kryie (of that mass). sung by priest or deacon then choir responded with “DEo Gratias”, or in masses lacking the gloria they responded with “Benedicamus domino”
How did antiphonal practice differ from the office to the mass?
Introitus and communio both had antiphons. The mass antiphons were more elaborate than office. The preference for stepwise motions and motions of a third.
what did the number three symbolize? two?
the father, son, and holy spirit, were in a group of three, therefore the number three represented perfection. the number two, in turn, represented imperfection.
what was the officium? when was it celebrated?
the officium was a short liturgy without communion that was celebrated 8 times a day (every hours). it is unclear whether every monk celebrated every ceremony in the monastery.
what musical aspects were there to the office?
a)several psalms each including an antiphon, and b) lessons followed by responsories, hymns, anc canticles. it also sometimes included sung prayers.
what were the most significant officia (office services)?
a) Matins: the nighttime service, b)Lauds: the early morning service, and c)Vespers: the Saturday dusk service.
define Missal, Gradualia, and Brevarium
a) the liturgical books containing text, b) liturgical books containing music, and c) books containing texts for the Office.
what are responsorial, antiphonal, and direct singing styles?
they are the performance practices from Gregorian chant. they are a) soloist in alternation with congregation of monks, b) two halves of the choir of monks alternating, or c) no alternation, the full choir singing.
what is a recitation formula?
a piece that you can insert text with any number of syllables into. this included a flexible recitation pitch.
also included various major points of division. signified by melodic motives, denoting ends of phrases, sentences, ends of pieces.
define initium in respect to the recitation formula.
the single line of notated pitch that represents the “melody” for all the other lines
define recitatio
this is the recitation pitch– denoted as a “whole note”, it is recited as needed to make room for the text. makes room for expansion and contraction.
define mediatio
the median of a formula: not always exactly the middle, but the break of phrases. this is the few notes leading up to this separation.
define flex
the dip in the melodic line preceeding the mediation.
define terminatio
the end of the piece. this is usually a mirror of the beginning of the piece.
what was the format of the office antiphons?
the antiphon precedes and follows the psalm, and creats a form of ABB…(psalm)… BBA. the melodic mode was tailored specific to the psalm.
what was the text of the antiphon?
they were texts based on the bible but not directly scriptural, or could be a written interpretation of a biblical passage.
define hymn, specifically those used in the office.
the hymn is the most familiar genre of sacred monophony. it is strophic and often rhymes. each stanza is sung to the same music. often with the first stanza written out and the rest with only the text.
define residuum
this translates to “residual”. it is the text underneath a single line of notated text (the initium). this exists in antiphons and in hymns.
what pieces in the Missa could have an antiphon?
the introitus and the communio could both have antiphons.
how did antiphons vary from the office to the mass?
the mass antiphons were more elaborate than the office. there was preference for stepwise motion and motions by the interval of a third.
which aspects of the mass were part of responsorial psalmody?
the gradual, alleluia, and the offertory were a single psalm with a choral response.
how did the chants of the ordinarium missae vary from those of the proprium missae?
the ordinarium tended to be longer.
define the aspects of office responsories
all office responsories included respond, verse, and full or partial repetition of respond.
what is the iubilus?
the lengthy melisma on the final syllable of the alleluia. considered to be an expression of joy by st. augustine.
give the example of the alleluia in regards to responsories
begins with a respond on the word alleluia, then a psalm verse, and a repetition of the respond.
why were words often repeated three times?
symbolism of three– father, son, and holy spirit.
define trope and list the three ways that it could be used.
an expansion of an existing chant, usually neumatic. a)adding new words and music prior to the chant and frequently between phrases (ex NAWM 3a and 6) b) adding of solely melody with extensive melismas, either new or derived from old melismas. c)adding of soley text, known as prosula (prose).
