Antiquity And Chant

Question 1

What book was printed in 1460? Why is it significant?

Answer 1

The bible was printed by Johannes Gutenberg. It took place in Mainz Germany. This was the first use of the printing press.

Question 2

What did Franchio Gaffurio do?

Answer 2

Gaffurio wrote the first music text to be published in a printing press. It was called Theoricum Opus Musice Discipline. It was in 1480 AD in the Italian city of Naples.

Question 3

Theorica Musice

Answer 3

Second book by Gaffurio. Written in Milan. Edited by dr kreyszig. 70% plagiarized, as has no bibliography. Not necessarily just a music text. One couldn’t just study music back then, had to study everything. this was written in 1492.

Question 4

Who was boethius?

Answer 4

Wrote de institutione arithmetica and de institutione musica in the context of the auctoritas (the authority). This was the accepted authority on all matters of theory. it adresses music, philosophy, logic, theology, mathematical arts, intervals, consonances, scales, tuning.

he catagorises music into three categories- musica mundana, musica human, and musica instrumentalis.

Question 5

First print of music

Answer 5

The first print was made in 1501 in Venice. The man’s name was petrucci. The piece was called Odhecaton A.

Question 6

Who was enheduanna

Answer 6

(S)he was the first recorded composer in history. She wrote pieces to the moon God and goddess. Only texts on cuneiform tablets remain.

Question 7

Facsimile

Answer 7

A photo reproduction of a work, painting, or writing. Because it’s a photo, it’s an exact replica of the original.

Question 8

Ethos

Answer 8

The idea that music could effect ones ethical character or ways of behaving.

Question 9

Harmonia

Answer 9

The musical unification of parts into the orderly whole. AKA the relationship between the pitches.

Question 10

Diastematic or intervallic movement

Answer 10

In which the voice moved between sustained pitches separated by discrete intervals.

Question 11

Autograph

Answer 11

The only signed print copy of a piece.

Question 12

Iconography

Answer 12

The study of paintings for performance practice.

Question 13

Organology

Answer 13

The study instruments including the voice.

Question 14

Transposition in context of ancient music

Answer 14

The definition of transposition has not changed. Taking a scale/ segment and reproducing it higher or lower without changing the succession of whole and half steps.

Question 15

Rhythmos

Answer 15

The Greek word for rhythm.

Question 16

what does Opera onmia mean?

Answer 16

all the works of. we learned this in the context of marsilio Fichino’s “opera omnia of plato”

Question 17

what’s the difference between treatises and encyclopaedic writings?

Answer 17

encyclopaedic writings often had more information than a monograph. this is what Gaffurio tried to write.

Question 18

who did Gaffurio rely on to write Theorica musice?

Answer 18

greek treatises in latin translations, de institutiones arithmetica and musica of boethuis, the writings of the fathers of church including St. Augustine and St. Ambrose. Also, classical poets such as Horace, Livy, Ovid, and Virgil, Latin Music theory such as Guido of Arezzo’s Micrologis, and other books that were in Gaffurio’s personal library.

Question 19

trivium

Answer 19

the disciplines of grammar, rhetoric, and dialect. This is one of two artes liberales. this is one of the topics covered in Theorica musice.

Question 20

quadrivium

Answer 20

arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. these are the second of the two catagories of artes liberales. This is one of four topics covered in Theorica Musice.

Question 21

artes mechanicae

Answer 21

mechanics and medicine (this includes the basis of music therapy). This was the third of four topics covered in Theorica Musice

Question 22

studia humanitatis

Answer 22

law and theology. this is the fourth topic covered in Theorica Musice.

Question 23

what evidence exists for the earliest music?

Answer 23

-bone flutes from the stone age (36000 BCE) -iconographic evidence such as paleolithic paintings of playing instruments, pictures of pottery flutes, rattles and drums from the neolithic era, turkish wall paintings depicting drummers performing for dancers. -from 3200 BCE onward have bells, cymbals, rattles, horns. iconographic evidence from here of plucked instruments.

Question 24

What evidence of music remains from the sumerians and babylonians?

Answer 24

-a musical repertory of wedding songs, funeral laments, military music for cermonies, and epics with instrumental accompaniment. -word lists included instruments, procedures for tuning, performer and performing techniques. - babylonians had a seven note diatonic scale with close affinity to the Greek systema teleion. -babylonians had writings on music

Question 25

what was included in the Babylonian writings of music?

Answer 25

tuning of strings, concept of intervals, improvising, the diatonic scales, performance techniques, genres such as love songs, laments, hymns.

Question 26

what were the three Greek instruments?

Answer 26

the aulos: a two stemmed reeded instrument, the lyre: a seven stringed instrument operated with a plectrum or pick which was used at various festivities, and the kithara: a large lyre.

Question 27

The Pythian games

Answer 27

a festival of vocal and instrumental music since the 5th century BCE. this often featured the aulos and lyre.

Question 28

what instrument was used by the Greek god Apollo?

Answer 28

the lyre.

Question 29

did the greeks notate music or have an oral tradition?

Answer 29

they had both. often pieces were memorized or improvised despite having a fully developed notation system from the 4th centruy BCE onwards.

Question 30

summarize Greek musical thought

Answer 30

based on philosophical memory on the nature of music and effects/ proper use of music theory as written by Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Aristides Quintilianus.

Question 31

melos

Answer 31

music as a performing art. melody was derived from this. according to Plato, this encompassed text, rhythm, and harmonia (the relationship between pitches).

Question 32

what did Pythagoras write about (in reference to music)?

Answer 32

musica and numerous as a union. the division of string lengths as means of determining intervals expressed in ratios.

Question 33

What did Plato write about (in reference to music)?

Answer 33

in “harmony of spheres” summarises Ptolemy’s writings the importance of nomoi and proportiones– how ratios were used in both musical intervals and the rotation of heavenly bodies, used to determine the distances of planets from each other. he also (in “Politics”) discusses the effect of assigning qualities to certain modes as a political tactic– denoting effect of music on human behaviour. he also mentions the use of music in education in “Republic”.

Question 34

what are the three tetrachordal genera?

Answer 34

diatonic, enharmonic, and chromatic.

Question 35

what is mese

Answer 35

the middle of the systema teleion. the name is also used within tetrachords to denote the middle note.

Question 36

conjunct and disjunct tetrachords

Answer 36

the difference between fixed and moveable notes within the systema teleion. these are the building blocks of the scale.

Question 37

What did Cleonides do?

Answer 37

noticed that there is only a certain amount of combinations of semitones and tones. he wrote down each of the combinations (and named them species) and grouped them by how many notes that they had. this included species diapason, species diapente, and species diatessaron.

Question 38

species diapason

Answer 38

cleonides groupings of tetrachords. there are three.

Question 39

species diapente

Answer 39

cleonides grouping of pentachords. there are four.

Question 40

species diatessaron

Answer 40

cleonides grouping of octachords. this is another name for the greek modes. this includes Mixolydian, lydian, phrygian, dorian, hypolydian, hypophrygian, and hypodorian.

Question 41

tonos. pl: tonoi

Answer 41

the notion of a scale in the greek modes.

Question 42

tibia

Answer 42

the roman version of the tibia.

Question 43

roman use of musical instruments

Answer 43

religious rites, military music, theatre performances

Question 44

greek heritage (things that lived on past the end of ancient greece)

Answer 44

linking of melody with rhythm reliance on mnemonics– knowledge of conventions and formulas rather than reading music. the interpretation of music as intertwined with nature. science as a means fro providing foundation for acoustic theory. fully developed system of music theory. all of the above formed western music.

Question 45

who was guido of arezzo?

Answer 45

he invented the staff lines and the guidonian hand. his staff lines had only four lines. all music was within the lines. it had two moveable clefs (c and f) with four positions each (on lines. they never were on the spaces). the lines were initally coloured– red and yellow.

Question 46

what was the first book writen on performance practice?

Answer 46

Michael praetorius wrote “syntagma musicum” in 1620.

Question 47

what is one problem of iconography?

Answer 47

often we must decide whether a piece is real or allegorical.

Question 48

what does gaffurio confuse in his book?

Answer 48

he confuses the greek and latin modes because they have the same name.

Question 49

what is the significance of the judaic tradition in music?

Answer 49

this was the roots of christianity, which brought the beginnings of modern music (ie. chant). Also, the hebrew scriptures are usually the texts for these chants. The destruction of the temple resulted in the difussion of christianity, and therefore the spread of its practices.

cantillation was very important in the synagogues, and gives chants its roots.

Question 50

what is cantillation?

Answer 50

cantillation was the jewish tradition of rabbis chanting the scriptures. this is the base of christian chant. Cantillation unfolded as formulas in the synagogue, with careful attention to the division of the phrase.

Question 51

what are the two parallels between judaic temple rites and the christian mass?

Answer 51

the symbol of sacrifice– sacrificing a lamb vs communion

the singing of psalms, with a psalm assigned to specific days.

Question 52

what part did music play in the early church?

Answer 52

singing of hymns as recorded in the old testament

singing of psalms

the writings of the fathers of the church wrote about music as a central part of the mass, and debated how much music and what type should be included in the mass. music as an indication of divine beauty (st. augustine), as opposed to indulging in music as a type of sin in association to pagan spectacles (usu with elaborate singing, large choruses, instruments, and dancing). the fathers of the church generally opposed simply instrumental music.

Question 53

who ruled the east and west church? when did they split?

Answer 53

west was ruled by the bishop in rome, and the east was ruled by the emperor from constantinope (istanbul). the permanent split came in 1054.

Question 54

what are four characteristics of early christianity

Answer 54

various rites, the church calendar, the liturgy, a musical repertory known as the chant or plainchant– sung in unison.

Question 55

what are chant dialects and what are the four types?

Answer 55

chant dialects were regional differences between chant practices.

1. byzantine chant: hymns more prominent but psalms still used. hymn melodies written out in books for transmission
2. ambrosian chant: named after the bishop of milan St. Ambrose.
3. gregorian chant: initially used by the schola cantorum, named after St. Gregory, first interpreted by the solsmes benedictine monks (1903), the official chant of the catholic church.
4. Old Roman Chant: similar to the gregorian chant but more ornate.

Question 56

what are heightened and unheighed neumes?

Answer 56

neumes were the oldest notation signs– they were short lines indicating relative pitch. they weren’t used to recreate a melody, only to remind the reader of the melody.

later came heightened (also known as diastematic neumes), which took up more vertical space in order to better capture the melody, and to make reading easier.

Guido of Arezzo took this and added staff lines, assigning the neumes definite pitches.

Question 57

what are nota simplices and ligaturae?

Answer 57

a) the first version of the modern notehead, and b) the connected notes in gregorian chant.

Question 58

what is the difference between b rotundum and b quadratum?

Answer 58

a) the circular b notating a flat note. b) the square b notating a natural note. this was the root of our natural sign

the main problem with this notation is that it is not clear how far each sign lasts.

Question 59

what are the differences between boethius’ musica mundana, humana, and instrumentalis?

Answer 59

a) the mathematical order (harmony) of the universe
b) the harmony of the human body with it’s soul
c) audible music, including vocal music.

Question 60

what books were the eight Latin modes introduced and who wrote them?

Answer 60

Guido of Arezzo’s Musica enchiraidis and micrologus.

Question 61

what is solmization, and how was it/ they named?

Answer 61

the naming of the notes to help in recognising their position on the staff.

they were named according the the hymn “Ut queant laxis”. this is a mnemonic device.

Question 62

what are the three hexachords (hard, soft, and natural)?

Answer 62

they were used as a further enhancement of the pedagogy.

a) hexachordum naturalis (natural) was c-a. (no b)
b) hexachordum durum (hard) was g-e (b natural)
c) hexachordum mollis (soft) was f-d (b flat).

Question 63

explain the nomenclature of pitches in the Guidonian system

Answer 63

the pitches were named by which notes were in it if all hexachords were layed out together. the bottom is called Gamma Ut, and an example pitch is (ut fa sol). our modern do was ut, and ti did not exist.

Question 64

explain the guidonian hand

Answer 64

a pedigogical technique named after guido of arezzo in which the joints of the hand were used to remember the name and position within hexachords of the notes. the notes were in a spiral around the hand and fingers.

Question 65

What is signum congruential?

Answer 65

these are the names for the lines separating segments in gregorian chant. There are double lines, single lines, half lines, and quarter lines.

Question 66

What is the difference between the antiphonal practice and the responsonal practice?

Answer 66

in gregorian chant:

a) when there are two halves of a congregation of monks and they alternate singing the parts of hymns (as signified by the asterisk)
b) there is a “soloist” ( a single monk) who alternates with the rest of the congregation as indicated by the asterisk.

Question 67

what are notae simplices?

Answer 67

this is the name for the square and diagonal shaped notes in gregorian chant. this is the plural, and the singular is nota simplex.