15th Century Flashcards
What are three important practices in organa quadruplm.
Voice crossing, voice exchange and cross relations.
Guillaume de Machaut adds what to the mass in his mass de Notre Dame?
Polyphony to the entire mass.
What are the two types of modal notation?
Notatio sine litteris (without text) found in organa, and notatio cum litteris( with text) with rhythm dictated by text.
Label designations for these values. BL LL BB LB SS
BL= cum proprietate et cum perfection
LL=sine cum
BB=Cum sine
LB= sine sine.
Label shape for these values. BL LL BB LB
To me
1) Longa and Breve
2) Breve Breve
3) Ligature
4) Ligature with no stem
Who created circle and half circle/ dot without dot notation?
De Vitry
What is the punctus alteratious?
Dot of addition. Changing note value usually a half or a third.
What is the line of separation between units of music called during the Renaissance.
Tactus
How is syncopation indicated?
Two dots beside a note.
Opponent to the the Ars nova and supporter of the Ars antique was who? And created for Italian notation.
Jacques de Liege of Flemish.
What did Jacques de Liege complain about?
Duple was just as perfect as triple was and the imperfect consonance used in music.
Circle stands for what in Italian notation?
Octonaria.
What are the three types of metre in Italian notation and what do they have in common?
Quaternaria 4
Octonaia 8
Duodenaria 12
They all embody four. (all are even)
What is the Chansonier cordiforme?
Heart shaped manuscript of manual notation.
What is the difference between French and Italian notation.
French: Ars Nova Philipe De Vitry Absolute (mensuration system) Monophony and polyphony therefore works Italian: Trecento 14th cent only. Jacque de Leige polyphony is questionable Contextual (no mensuration )
Who is John Dustable?
Most important English composer of polyphony.
what two principal textures exist in the fifteenth century?
imitative counterpoint and homophony.
What is the Renaissance?
French for rebirth(particularly in music), it was was a period of art, culture and music history between the Middle Ages and the baroque period. New ideas.
Who is Guillaume Du Fay?
Leading and most important composer of the 15th cent.
Do the three fix forms change in the 15th cent?
No, it continued throughout the 15th cent.
Do the Italian genre change in the 15th century?
Yes, they disappear till the 16th cent.
Masses are based on what voice?
Cantus Firmus. They are tied to a particular monastery.
When a cantus firmus does not appear in a mass what is it called?
Miss sine nominee.
What were the two types of cantus firmus written in the 15th cent.
Secular and sacred.
When did the way a secular cantus firmus change and who changed it?
Council of Trent 1540 (16th cent) by Palestrina.
Guillaume Du Fay used the notation practice of who?
Phillpe de Vitry mensuration system.
What new technology emerged in the 15th cent?
The printing press.
What is imitative counterpoint?
Is a contrapuntal texture marked by imitation between voices.
How did Italy begin to emerge as a dominant musical culture in the 15th cent?
Through rich economics and trade.
How did French and later the Italians foster the education of young musicians?
By maintaining chapels of talented sings and ensembles of gifted instruments.
What was the strongest intellectual movement of the Renaissance?
Humanism.
What was humanism?
To study things pertaining to human knowledge and experience.
How did humanism effect music.
Imitation of old writers and it draws on their stories and themes for new works. Imitation
How did other artistic movements in the Renaissance effect music?
1) Composer expanded range (high and low).
2) thin and full textures
3) light and dark.
4) cadences
Contrast and beauty.
What was a court chapel?
A group of salary musicians and clerics who were associated with a patronage. They got there positions through competitions.
How did one become a court chapel.
You had to be a choir boy first and go through a competition to gain the position.
What chapel did the French Du Fay, Ockeghem and Josquin study from?
Flanders the Netherland.
What conflicts emerged in the Renaissance?
The Reformation.
What did mobility (traveling) among musicians encourage?
New genres such as the polyphonic mass cycle on a single cantus firmus. And the synthesizing if genres.
What was a the core of international styles?
Counterpoint. based on a preference of consonance.
What book expresses the distinction between new and older practices?
Liver de Arte contrapuntal
Who was the book about counterpoint written by?
Johannesburg Tinctoris
What were the difference between the older counterpoint compared to the newer according to Johannes Tinctoris.
There were more dissonances then consonances.
Who was Piertro Aaron?
Theorist who wrote some of the first musical treaties in Italian.
What did Pietro Aaron write about?
He talks about where the old approach where the top line and the tenor formed a structural framework and the new harmonic conception, in which each voice had more equal role.
How did polyphony develop form the 12th cent to the 15th?
12 th cent- adding voices to existing melody ex: in a organum adding voices below or above a chant
13th cent- adding one or more voices above tenor.
14th cent- composing a tenor to fit cantus firmus. Adding three and sometimes four voices.
15th cent put counterpoint between tenor and cantus and adding a voice to a framework.
How did conterpoint change in the late 15th cent.
Equal relationship between voices.
What are the two kinds of musical textures focused on at this time?
Imitative counterpoint and homophony.
What is imitative counterpoint?
Where the voices imitate or echo a motive or phrase in other voices.
What is homophony?
Where all the voices move together in essentially the same rhythm and the lower part accompanies cantus.
Emphasis on thirds and sixths challenged the way musicians looked at what?
Tuning.
Tuning system where all fourths and fifths were perfectly tuned but thirds and sixths were dissonant because of ratios. Also know as medieval tuning.
Pythagorean tuning.
This tuning system credited to Ramis de Pareia observed a tuning system where thirds and sixths could be consonant as well through ratios.
Just intonation.
What at the problems with just intonation tuning?
1) some notes by default are out of tune.
2) so Enharmonic notes where different pitches when using different instruments.
The tuning system that adjusts pitches without having to have a key?
Temperament.
A tuning system that was most commonly used in 16th cent where fifths where tuned small so that major thirds sounded great?
Mean tone temperament.
What is equal tone tuning?
A tuning system where semitones are exactly the same. It was invented in 16th cent but wasn’t widely used till 16th cent.
What rhetoric system did composer use in there writing?
Attention to accents and meter in setting poetic text.
what is the most important musical innovation (technology) during this time?
the ability to print music.
how did tuning evolve in the fifteenth century?
tuning systems emerge because of the use of sixths and thirds.
what does the word renaissance translate to?
rebirth.
the renaissance (rebirth) brought a revival of what?
the values of greece and rome.
what effect did the reformation have on music?
new forms of religious music came out of the newly formed protestant churches.
define studia humanitatis
the study of human knowledge, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy. emphisizes Latin and Greek writtings, and christian ideas.
what is the difference between scholasticism and humanistic studies?
scholasticism puts emphasis on logic and metaphysics, and humanistic studies centered on intellectual life and university curriculum.
this is the difference between medieval and renaissance learning.
what are the effects of humanism on music?
recovery of ancient texts including writings on music, forcus on rhetoric and the art of oratory, the application of rhetoric in music, the continuation of connection between music and mathematics, and the relationship of music and language.
what stylistic elements rose in the renaissance?
the ideals of beauty and naturalism, the naturalistic treatment of light and darkness (chiaroscura), clarity and interest in individuals, expansion of range (lower and higher pitches) contrast between registers, sparse and full textures.
define chiaroscuro
the naturalistic treatment of light and darkness.
how and where were composers being trained in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
a)trained as choir boys, b)hired as singers for churches and court chapels c) choir schools as centers for training in music, grammar, mathematics, ect. d) most prominent fifteenth and early sixteenth century composers from Flanders, Netherlands, Northern France. e)mid sixteenth century composers from Italy.
(btw, I know that this list doesn’t make much sense, but it’s directly from our chapter 7 summary)
name some (5) kings, dukes, and rulers that sponsored musicians and composers
kings of France and England, the dukes of Burgundy and Savoy, and Italian rulers that attracted musicians from Flanders, Netherlands, and France.
name some (4) influencial patron families from the reniassance.
the Medici family of Florence
the Sforza family in Milan
the Este family in Ferrara
the Gonzaga family of Mantua
define patronage
when a member of royalty, an aristocratic family, or a church funds a musician.
who did the Sforza family in Milan hire?
Josquin of Prex and Leonardo da Vinci.
what is international style?
the musicians and composers sought to promote the learning and adopting of styles of other regions of Europe.
how was the international style formulated (it was a composite of what)?
based on national traditions, genres, ideas, with synthesis of English, French, and Italian traditions.
what rules were at the heart of the international style?
counterpoint.
define counterpoint.
rules of writing polyphony. there is preference for consonance: octaves, fifths, thirds, sixths. has an emphasis on beauty, order, and pleasing the senses.
who wrote Liber de arte contrapuncti and when?
Johannes Tinctoris. 1477.
what was the subject of Liber de arte contrapuncti?
deploring (disliking) of older musicians due to their use of dissonances, a sympathy with the humanist tradition, and some rules of counterpoint.
who is responsible for the banning of parallel fifths and octaves, and is therefore hated by all music students?
Gioseffo Zarlino, in his 1558 book Le istitutioni hrmoniche.
what new compositional methods and textures came about in the reniassance?
a)emphasis on thirds and sixths, b)the octave, fifth, and fourth defined as consonances due to thier simple ratios, c)the arising of different types of tempering.
what is responsible for the increasing power of late Medieval candence (major thirds and sixths expanding to the fifth and octave)?
the use of the Pythagorean tuning system.
define the pythagorean tuning
the tuning to the perfect fourth and fifth. the Major third is tuned with the ration 81:64, where the pure major third was a 5:4 ratio (by multiplying this by 16, we can compare with similar numbers. 80:64). this major third was relatively large.
What did Walter Odington add to the list of consonnances in counterpoint?
the major third and minor third. their ratios were 5:4 and 6:5, therefore still “simple ratios”.
who proposed the just intonation tuning system?
Bartolome Ramis de Pareia, a spanish mathematician and music theorist.
what is the just intonation system?
perfectly tuned sixths and thirds.
Composer started to pay more attention to what in the words?
Attention to accents and meter in setting poetic text.
Compare early 15th century way of dealing with words compared with the later 15th cent.
Early- syntax guided text and shaping the structure of music marking punctuation with cadences that express finality.
Late- followed rhythm of speech became norm.
Two great theorists of the 15th cent who wrote expanded Greek theory were?
Franchino Gaffurio and Heinrich Glareanus.
Heinrich Glareanus added the four new mode to the traditional modes in the book Dodekachordon what are they?
Aeolian Hyperaolian Ionian and hyperionian.
He believed the top voice determined the mode.
What new international genres came out of the 15th cent?
Spanish villancio, the Italian frottola and madrigal and the English lute.
Who printed the first collection of polyphonic music.
Ottavino Petrucci 1500. 100 polyphonic pieces.
How was music printed in in the 15th cent.
Music went through the press three times
1) print staff line
2) print words
3) printing the notes.
Who was the first to practice single impression?
John Rastel and on a large scale Pierre Attaingnant.
What was the pros and cons with each way of printing?
Three times was most costly, but overall cleaner. Single impress was less costly but not as clean cut, it became more of a success.
What was ensemble music printed in?
Partbooks.
How was printing music successful.
Printing of music increased supply and demand. It became popular.
Refresher: Who were the important Greek writer of music.
Aristides Quintilianus Claudius Pyolemy Cleonide Aristotle Plato
Franchino Gaffurio stimulated new thoughts of?
1) Modes
2) consonance and dissonance
3) elements and scope of melodic systems
4) tuning
5) relationship music and words.
What are the two disciplines of artes liberales?
1) music as a part of everyone’s education
2) power of modes (ethos) and harmonia
Avoidance of direct chromatic motion?
Musica recta ( as oppose to musica ficta- the practice of raise or lower a note by a semitones in performance)
