Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the 5th leading cause of all doctor office visits in the US? What is another popular complaint?
A
LBP
knee pain
2
Q
Define tendon
A
connects muscle to bone
3
Q
Define ligament
A
connects bone to bone
4
Q
T/F
The 2 ends of bones should never touch in a normal pt
A
true
5
Q
What are the 6 types of synovial joints (freely movable)?
A
1) ball and socket
2) hinge
3) plane
4) condyloid
5) saddle
6) pivot
6
Q
What is another name for immovable joints? Give an example
A
fibrous joints
ex: skull sutures such as coronal suture, lambdoid suture, or squamous suture
7
Q
What is another name for slightly movable joints? Give an example
A
cartilaginous or symphysis joints
ex: pubis joints
8
Q
What is a ball and socket joint? Give an example
A
type of synovial joint
convex bone sitting in a concave bone
wide range of motion
ex: shoulder joint
9
Q
What is a hinge joint? Give an example
A
type of synovial joint that hinges
range of motion in one axis
ex: elbow joint
10
Q
What is an example of a plane joint (type of synovial joint)?
A
patellofemoral joint
11
Q
What type of joint is a condyloid joint? What is its ROM? Give an example
A
type of synovial joint
motion in 2 axises
ex: wrist joint or TMJ
12
Q
What is an example of a saddle joint (synovial joint)?
A
thumb joint
13
Q
What is an example of a pivot joint (type of synovial joint)?
A
Proximal radioulnar joint
14
Q
What is a synovial joint?
A
a joint sitting in a synovial cavity filled with fluid (the synovial fluid is there to keep the bones from touching)
15
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
body standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward
16
Q
What is the most common cause of LBP?
A
idiopathic
17
Q
What is the most common cause of neck pain?
A
mostly idiopathic, but can also be from a spinal nerve compression
18
Q
If there is pain in only one joint, what does this typically mean?
A
trauma or injury
19
Q
What is the #1 cause of limited ROM?
A
arthritis
20
Q
Define median plane
A
Also called mid-sagittal plane
plane passing vertically through the midline
Splits body left/right (evenly)
21
Q
Define coronal plane
A
vertical plane running from side to side
Splits your front/back side
22
Q
Define sagittal plane
A
vertical plane running from front to back
Splits body into left/right pieces (unequal)
23
Q
Define anterior
A
the front
24
Q
Define posterior
A
the back
25
Define medial
toward the middle or center
26
Define lateral
to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body
27
Define proximal
a part of the body that is closer to the center of the body than another part
28
Define distal
a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part
29
What are the 4 signs of inflammation?
1) edema
2) erythema
3) warmth localization
4) pain localization
30
You should always evaluate a pt symmetrically. What is this called?
bilateral comparison
31
What is the medical term for "joint clicking"? What does this mean?
crepitus
bone rubbing against bone, due to loss of cartilage
common with arthritis (osteoarthritis and wear/tear arthritis)
32
Define myasthenia gravis
severe muscle weakness
If its not affecting distal portion of body and only proximal that is a key indicator
33
What does TMJ stand for?
temporomandibular joint
34
How do you assess TMJ?
Place the pad of each index or 3rd finger in front of the tragus and have the pt open/close mouth
Palpate for clicking or popping that can indicate TMJ dysfunction
35
What are the 2 most common problems with dysfunctional TMJ?
crepitus and trigeminal neuralgia
36
What is trigeminal neuralgia?
painful sensations similar to an electric shock on one side of the face
chronic pain that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain.
37
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the neck?
flexion
extension
rotation
lateral flexion
38
How do you assess extension of the neck ROM?
take your hand on ulnar side and place at the back-side of the base of the pt neck
If pt fully extends neck, your hand should be trapped
If you can easily remove your hand then then they have limited ROM
39
What are the 2 bony landmarks you should pay attention to in the shoulder region?
clavicle and acromion
40
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
41
What is a common injury in the upper extremities?
rotator cuff injury
42
Where is the supraspinatus muscle?
superior to the spine of the scapula
43
Where is the infraspinatus muscle?
inferior to the spine of the scapula
44
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the shoulders?
```
abduction
adduction
extension
flexion
internal rotation
external rotation
```
45
What should you do if a pt has limited AROM?
try PROM and see how far they can go
46
What is the Appley Scratch Test? Describe it
assesses adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder
see how far the pt can reach back to their scapula
they should be able to at least reach the lower handle of scapula with full ROM
47
Shoulder pain is indicative of....
heart attack, nerve damage, tendinitis, etc.
48
What is the best diagnostic tool for joint problems?
MRI
49
If you perform an Appley Scratch Test and the pt cannot reach their scapula for one/both sides, then this is indicative of....
cervical spine injury or DJD if there's crepitus
50
What is the most common muscle that gets damaged in rotator cuff injuries?
supraspinatus muscle
51
If a pt suffers from crepitus in their shoulder(s), then this most often is indicative of....
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
52
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the elbows?
flexion
extension
pronation and supination of the forearm at the elbow
53
What is the most complicated joint in the upper extremity?
the elbow joint
54
What is tennis elbow?
lateral epicondylitis
swelling of the tendons that bend your wrist backward away from your palm
painful upon palpation and certain movements
55
What is olecranon bursitis?
excessive fluid behind the elbow due to trauma. infection, etc,
edema, ROM not affected/no limitations
56
What should you be inspecting ALL joints for?
pain, lesions/masses, deformities, symmetry, etc.
57
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the wrists?
extension
flexion
pronation
supination
58
What fingers should you be using when palpating the wrist joints on a pt?
your thumbs and forefingers
59
What is the difference between the ulnar and median nerve?
ulnar nerve passes over the transverse carpal ligament
median nerve passes under the transverse carpal ligament
60
What is it called when the median nerve gets trapped under the transverse carpal ligament?
carpal tunnel
61
Define paresthesia. Where is this common?
Pain, numbness, tingling
sometimes referred to as "pins and needles"
burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet
62
What are the 2 tests for carpal tunnel?
Tinel's test and Phelan's test
63
What is the tinel's test?
tap on the median nerve, while the pt holds out hand in supination
if they have carpal tunnel, they will feel paresthesia
64
What is the phelan's test?
forcefully flex the patient's wrist and hold it in that position for approx 1 min
If the pt has carpal tunnel they will feel paresthesia
65
What is another name for radial fossa?
anatomic snuffbox
66
Radial fossa (snuffbox) is bounded by 4 tendons. What are they?
1) extensor pollicis longus
3) extensor pollicis brevis
3) abductor pollicis longus
4) styloid process of radius
67
How can you see the snuffbox?
stretch fingers, specifically the thumb and you should see an indentation
68
The floor of the radial fossa is made up of 2 bones. What are they?
trapezium bone and scaphoid bone
69
Which bone is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
scaphoid bone
70
Which joints in the fingers should you be palpating when assessing a pt? What fingers should you be using for palpation of these joints?
metacarpophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints
only used your thumbs and forefingers
71
What are the 2 nodes you should look out for on the fingers? These nodes are common with which medical problem?
heberden nodes and bouchard nodes
both common with arthritis (especially with osteoarthritis)
72
Where are heberden nodes found?
on the distal interphalangeal joints
73
Where are bouchard nodes found?
on the proximal interphalangeal joints
74
When assessing pt hips, knees, feet, and ankles should they be sitting, standing, or walking for proper evaluation?
standing and walking
75
What is the largest joint?
the hip joint
76
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the hips?
```
extension
flexion
abduction
adduction
internal rotation
external rotation
```
77
What is a common problem with the hips?
DJD (degenerative joint disease)
78
What is trochanteric bursitis?
inflammation of the bursa (fluid-filled sac near a joint) at the part of the hip called the greater trochanter
When this bursa becomes irritated/inflamed, it causes pain in the hip (common cause of hip pain)
79
DJD of the medial aspect of knee leads to what type of deformity?
varus deformity
80
Define valgus deformity
the bone segment distal to a joint is angled outward, that is, angled laterally, away from the body's midline
opposite of varus deformity
81
Define varus deformity
the twist or angulation is directed medially, toward the center of the body
opposite of valgus deformity
82
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the knees?
hyperextension
| active/passive flexion and extension
83
What should you be feeling for when doing passive ROM on the knee for pt?
ROM, obviously
but also feel for crepitus
84
Swollen knee is most commonly....
hint: there is 2 options
baker cyst or effusion of the knee
85
What is a baker cyst?
cyst that causes a bulge and feeling of tightness behind the knee
problem with your knee joint, often seen with arthritis or a cartilage tear
86
What is effusion of the knee?
swelling and edema of the knee
87
What is a test you can do to see if a pt has effusion of the knee?
ballottement test (testing for fluid in joint)
88
Describe a ballottement test
pt is supine
one hand above the patient's patella, push down and towards the knee
if the patella feels like it's floating then there is fluid in the joint
89
What is the drawer test used for?
to test for rupture of the cruciate ligaments
90
What is a super common athletic injury in LE?
cruciate ligament tears
91
Describe the anterior and posterior drawer test
anterior drawer test= have pt flex knee and you will sit partially on their foot, place your thumbs underneath their patella and pull forward --> if you can pull more than 2 cm there is a rupture
posterior drawer test= same thing but push back, if you can push more than 2 cm then there is a rupture
If either anterior/posterior drawer test come back positive then confirm diagnosis with MRI
92
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the feet/ankles?
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
eversion
inversion
93
When palpating a patient's ankles and feet, look for painful areas, but also palpate which joints+tendon?
medial and lateral malleolus joint (ankle joint), and achilles tendon
94
When examining a patient's arches how should they be situated? Standing or sitting?
standing
95
What are the 3 types of foot arches?
1) normal arch
2) cavus arch (also called "pes cavus") = high arch
3) flat foot (also called "pes planus")
96
What ROM should you be looking at when assessing the spine?
flexion
extension
rotation
lateral extension
97
What is lordosis?
excessive inward curvature of the spine, "sway back"
98
What is kyphosis?
curvature of the spine that causes the top of the back to appear more rounded than normal, "hump back"
99
What is scoliosis?
sideways curvature of the spine
100
Pain from sciatica radiates where?
from the buttock, down the leg
can travel as far as the feet and toes
101
Define sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
102
What are the 2 tests you can do in office if you suspect a pt has sciatica?
1) straight leg raising test
| 2) sitting knee extension test
103
Describe the straight leg raising test
ask pt to raise their leg and you will dorsiflex/flex their foot
if this is painful = sciatica
104
Describe the sitting knee extension test
a f/u test to the straight leg raising test (only do if 1st test was positive result)
have pt sit and flex their neck, you will place one hand on their thigh and raise that same leg up
if this is painful = sciatica
105
What are the 2 types of bone softening?
1) rickets (children)
| 2) osteomalacia (adults)
106
ankyl(o)-
pertaining to: stiff
ex: ankylosis
def: immobility or stiffness of a joint
107
arthr(o)-
pertaining to: joint
ex: arthrogram
def: radiograph of a joint
108
chir(o)-
pertaining to: hand
ex: chirospasm
def: writer's cramp
109
dactyl(o)-
pertaining to: finger or toe
ex: dactylospasm
def: cramping of a digit
110
myo-
pertaining to: muscle
ex: myopathy
def: disease of muscle
111
oste(o)
bone
| osteomalacia- a condition marked by softening of the bones
112
pod-
foot
| podiatrist- specialist in conditions of the foot
113
scolio-
twisted
| scoliosis- lateral deviation of the spine
114
spondyl(o)-
vertebrae
| spondylitis- inflammation of vertebrae
115
teno-
tendon
| tenotomy- surgical cutting of a tendon
116
Define flexion
motion away from the zero position
117
Define extension
return motion to the position
extension that goes beyond the zero position is called hyperextension
118
Define dorsiflexion
movement in the direction of the dorsal surface
119
Define plantar (or palmar) flexion
movement in the direction of the plantar (or palmar) surface
120
Define adduction
movement toward the midline
121
Define abduction
movement away from the midline
122
Define inversion
turning of the plantar surface of the foot inward
123
Define eversion
turning of the plantar surface of the foot outward
124
Define internal rotation
turning of the anterior surface of a limb inward
125
Define external rotation
turning of the anterior surface of a limb outward
126
Define pronation
rotation so that the plantar surface of the hand is directed downward
127
Define supination
rotation so that the plantar surface of the hand is directed upward
