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Physical Diagnostics > Head and Eyes > Flashcards

Head and Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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2
Q

What are the mastication muscles?

A

temporalis and masseter muscle

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3
Q

What does parotiditis mean?

A

inflammation of parotid gland

most commonly caused by myxovirus (mumps)

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4
Q

What are the 7 muscles of the face?

A
  1. orbicularis oculi
  2. orbicularis oris
  3. sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
  4. temporalis
  5. masseter
  6. platysma
  7. trapezius
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5
Q

name the 3 major salivary glands

A
  1. parotid gland
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
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6
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

parotid gland

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7
Q

Where is the superficial temporal artery?

A

it branches off of the external carotid artery, and runs right behind the ear

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8
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves

A

CN I= Olfactory | Oh | Some
CN II= Optic | Oh | Say
CN III= Oculomotor | Oh | Money
CN IV= Trochlear | Tiny | Matters
CN V= Trigeminal | Tits | But
CN VI= Abducens | And | My
CN VII= Facial | Furry | Boyfriend
CN VIII= Vestibulocochlear | Vaginas | Says
CN IX= Glossopharyngeal | Give | Big
CN X= Vagus | Victor | Brains
CN XI= Spinal accessories | A | Matter
CN XII= Hypoglossal | Hardon | Most

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9
Q

What is macrocephaly?

A

abnormally large head

2 SD above mean for age and sex

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10
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

a birth defect where the head is abnormally smaller

3 SD below mean for age and sex

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11
Q

What percentage of boys who had mumps at a young age developed infertility later on in life?

A

50%

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12
Q

The head uses which PE principles?

A

inspection + palpation

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13
Q

What is a common birth defect that happens to mothers who get exposed to Zika virus?

A

microcephaly

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14
Q

What is ptosis?

A

drooping eyelid

problem with the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)

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15
Q

The conjunctiva lines what eye structures?

A

eyelids and sclera

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16
Q

T/F

It’s normal for the lower eyelid to cover the iris

A

FALSE

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17
Q

What does the orbicularis oculi muscle do? What is it innervated by?

A

closes eyelid and surrounds the eye

innervated by CN VII (facial nerve)

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18
Q

What does the levator palpebrae muscle do? What is it innervated by?

A

elevates/opens upper eyelid

innervated by CN III (oculomotor nerve)

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19
Q

What are meibomian glands?

A

modified sebaceous glands, not sebum but “mebum”

keeps tears from evaporating too quickly

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20
Q

name the 6 extraocular muscles

A
  1. superior oblique
  2. superior rectus
  3. medial rectus
  4. lateral rectus
  5. inferior rectus
  6. inferior oblique
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21
Q

Which extraocular muscle inserts onto sclera of eye?

A

superior oblique

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22
Q

The lateral rectus is controlled/innervated by….

A

CN VI (abducens nerve)

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23
Q

The superior oblique is controlled/innervated by….

A

CN IV (trochlear nerve)

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24
Q

Which extraocular muscles are innervated by CN III (oculomotor nerve)?

A

superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

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25
Q

What does LR6SO4 stand for?

A

lateral rectus CN 6 superior oblique CN 4

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26
Q

Function of medial rectus muscle?

A

adduct (towards nose)

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27
Q

Function of lateral rectus muscle?

A

abduct (towards ears)

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28
Q

Function of inferior rectus muscle?

A

adduct downward (depression)

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29
Q

Function of superior rectus muscle?

A

adduct upward

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30
Q

Which extraocular muscle runs through a cartilaginous loop?

A

superior oblique runs through the trochlea and inserts into the superior part of eye

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31
Q

Function of superior oblique muscle?

A

abduct downward and intorsion (eye moves inward)

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32
Q

Function of inferior oblique muscle?

A

abduct upward and extortion (eyeball moves outward)

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33
Q

What is snellen chart testing for?

A

visual acuity + CN II function (sensory function)

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34
Q

What is diplopia?

A

double vision

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35
Q

OD = ?

A

R eye

oculus dexter

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36
Q

OS = ?

A

L eye

oculus sinister

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37
Q

OU = ?

A

both eyes

oculi uterque

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38
Q

What eyesight is considered legally blind in the US?

A

20/200

(can see 20 ft what normal vision can see at 200 ft)

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39
Q

What is the distance for snellen chart?

A

20 ft

40
Q

What is the distance for snellen card?

A

14 in

41
Q

What are the eye structures that move with horizontal eye movements?

A

medial canthus and lateral canthus

42
Q

What is the role of the inferior punctum?

A

drains tears

43
Q

What membrane loops back to cover the sclera?

A

conjunctiva

44
Q

Describe the confrontational visual field test

A

sit directly in front of pt 2-3ft away

tell pt to look in your eyes

take your hands lateral to pt ears and slowly wiggle fingers bringing your hands in the direction of the visual field

have pt tell you once they can see your fingers

do this for upper and lower quadrant as well

45
Q

What should you do if a pt sees better on one side for visual field test?

A

if pt says they can see your fingers on right side but not left, have them cover the right eye and test the left eye

you will cover the opposite eye so you see same thing

46
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

loss of vision in 1/2 of the eye

47
Q

An extraocular eye exam checks which cranial nerves?

A 
CN III (oculomotor nerve) 
CN IV (trochlear nerve) 
CN VI (abducens nerve)
48
Q

Describe extraocular eye exam

A

hold pt chin with one hand and with other hand make a large H with your index finger

have pt follow finger without moving head, only move eyes

next, go in toward the nose and away from nose to test accommodation (the eyes should cross when you go near the nose)

49
Q

What is horizontal diplopia?

A

double vision when either eye is closed

50
Q

What does PERRLA stand for?

A

Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation

51
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

unequal pupils

52
Q

Abducens nerve palsy affects what eye muscle?

A

lateral rectus muscle

53
Q

What is the purpose of the swinging light test?

A

used to detect a relative afferent pupil defect (RAPD)

should see a contraction of pupils

54
Q

What does RAPD stand for? What is it?

A

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)

pupils respond differently to light stimuli shone in one eye at a time due to unilateral or asymmetrical disease of the retina or optic nerve

55
Q

How do you test corneal reflex and what cranial nerves are involved?

A

by lightly touching cotton against the cornea of eye

tests CN V & CN VII (trigeminal nerve + facial nerve)

56
Q

RAPD is indicative of….

A

stroke or temporal arteritis

57
Q

What is temporal arteritis?

A

inflammation of the superficial temporal artery

58
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

vascular birthmark, made of excess blood vessels

most common in children and they can outgrow it

59
Q

What is a stye?

A

infection of the eyelash follicle

60
Q

What is another name for pink eye and what is it?

A

conjunctivitis

inflammation/infection of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid + eyeball

61
Q

What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

bruise of the eye (characterized by red spots)

62
Q

What is icterus? What is it caused from?

A

yellow eye

caused from blood or liver abnormality

63
Q

What color should the sclera be normally?

A

white

64
Q

What is blue sclerae of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

genetic, brittle bone disease, causes sclera to look blue

there are 4 different types of imperfecta and 3/4 cause blue sclera

65
Q

Copper wiring + AV nicking is seen in pt’s with what diseases?

A

hypertension and atherosclerosis

66
Q

What happens in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

The retina starts growing new/bigger blood vessels (neovascularization of the disc)

67
Q

What happens in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

blood vessels in the retina are weakened “tortuous vessels” and flame-shaped hemorrhages

68
Q

What is papilledema?

A

swelling behind the eye

69
Q

White spots behind the eyes is common in what disease?

A

cotton wool spots are extremely common with diabetes

70
Q

What do cotton wool spots indicate?

A

infarction of nerves (nerves dying)

71
Q

Why is our visual field so large?

A

Optic fibers cross over at the optic chiasm (only medial fibers cross over, also called nasal fibers)

72
Q

capit-

A

pertaining to: head

ex: capitate
def: head-shaped

73
Q

cephal(o)-

A

pertaining to: head

ex: cephalometry
def: measurement of head

74
Q

cleido-

A

pertaining to: clavicle

ex: cleidomastoid
def: pertaining to clavicle and mastoid process

75
Q

cranio-

A

pertaining to: skull

ex: craniomalacia
def: abnormal softening of the skull

76
Q

occipito-

A

pertaining to: back portion of the skull

ex: occipitoparietal
def: pertaining to the occipital and parietal bones

77
Q

ondont(o)-

A

pertaining to: tooth; teeth

ex: ondontorrhagia
def: hemorrhage that follows tooth extraction

78
Q

thryo-

A

pertaining to: thyroid gland

ex: thyromegaly
def: enlargement of the thyroid gland

79
Q

What is this?

A

left abducens paralysis (eye cannot move to the left)

80
Q

What is this?

A

right oculomotor palsy

  • Eye is lateral as trochlear and abducens are still intact
  • Ptosis as oculomotor controls the levator palpebrae
  • Dilated pupil
81
Q

What is this?

A

paralysis of the inferior rectus muscle (unable to look down here bc the muscle is trapped from fracture)

82
Q

What is this?

Hint: its a CN dysfunction

A

unable to close L upper eyelid due to CN VII (facial nerve) dysfunction

83
Q

What is this?

A

Hemangioma of lower eyelid

84
Q

What is this?

A

Stye

85
Q

What is this?

A

basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid

  • raised margins w/ ulcerated center
86
Q

What is this?

A

normal conjuctiva

87
Q

How will the conjuctiva look on amenic patients?

A

pale

88
Q

What is this?

A

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

89
Q

What is this?

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage

90
Q

What is this?

A

Icterus

91
Q

What is this?

A

blue sclerae of osteogenesis
imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

92
Q

What is this?

A

cataract (cloudiness around lens)

93
Q

What is this?

A

‘Copper wiring’/ AV nicking of arteries (indicative of hypertension or atherosclerosis)

94
Q

What is this?

A

normal macula

95
Q

What is this?

A

flame-shaped hemorrhages from nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

96
Q

What is this?

A

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

97
Q

What is this?

A

tortuous vessels from nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

Physical Diagnostics (13 decks)

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