Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Function of skeletal system

Answer 1

Support
Movement - levers that muscle can attach to
Protection
Production of blood cells
Storage of minerals & fats

Question 2

Macroscopic structure of long bone

Answer 2

Consists of ;
Diaphysis - middle
epiphysis - ends
periosteum - outer layer
cylinder of compact bone - used for fat storage and YBM
compact bone on outside
central region contains spongy bone

Question 3

Bone

Answer 3

connective tissue

consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of matrix

Question 4

Spongy bone structure

Answer 4

irregular arrangement of trabeculae
bone cells occupy space in trabeculae
nerve & blood vessels pass through irregular spaces in matrix

Question 5

compact bone structure

Answer 5

contain osteons
centre of each osteon is a central canal through which nerves & blood vessels pass
osteons located in lacuna - arranged in lamellae - have cannaliculi -> extensions that allow them to transfer nutrients & communicate

Question 6

types of bone

Answer 6

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 7

cartilage structure

Answer 7

chondroblasts - produce matrix trapped in small spaces called lacunae
collagen fibres - embedded in a firm matrix of chondrin
matrix provides structure
fibre provided flexability

Question 8

Types of cartilage

Answer 8

hyaline - strong & tough - absorbs shock
elastic - thicker and elastic - support & shape
fibrocartilage - thick & coarse - withstand high pressure

Question 9

define joints

Answer 9

a place where 2 bones meet and articulate with each other held together by tough fibres called ligaments

Question 10

types of joints

Answer 10

Fixed
Slightly movable
Immovable

Question 11

TYPES OF TYPES OF JOINTS

Answer 11

Ball & Socket - freely movable
Hinge - 1 plane movement
Pivot - one bone rotates on another
Gliding - one flat surface moves over another
saddle - side to side & back and forth

Question 12

Muscular system function

Answer 12

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Produce heat (shivering)

Question 13

Properties of Muscles

Answer 13

Excitability - response to chemicals
Contractability - can get shorter to generate force
Extensibility - can be stretched w/o damage
Elasticity - return to original length

Question 14

Muscles in situations

Answer 14

Tendon - connect muscle to bone
ligament - joins bone to bone
belly - fleshy portion of muscle
synergists - muscles that steady a joint during a specific movement
origin - end of muscle connected to a stationary bone
Insertion - end of a muscle connected to a moving bone

Question 15

Agonist/prime movers

Answer 15

cause movement in a given direction

Question 16

antagonistic

Answer 16

a muscle that has an action opposite to the agonist

Question 17

Muscles in Action pairs

Answer 17

Act in ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS
one muscle (agonist) contracts and the other (antagonistic) relaxes
muscle contracts, pulls on a bone in one direction & must be accompanied by another muscle that pulls the bone in the opposite direction

Question 18

types of movement

Answer 18

Extension - increasing the angle between 2 joints
Flexion - decreasing the angle between 2 joints
Abduction - movement of a limb away from the mid line of the body
Adduction - movement of a limb towards the mid line of the body

Question 19

Muscular breakdown

Answer 19

Skeletal muscle - muscle fibres - myofibrils - myofilaments

Question 20

structure of muscle

Answer 20

muscle cells held together in bundles surrounded by connective tissue
1 muscle fibre = 1 muscle cell
thin transparent plasma membrane - sacrolemma
containts cytoplasm - sarcoplasm
inside sarcoplasm is mitochondria & lots of myofibrils
myofilaments - made of protein - units involved in contraction of muscle

Question 21

two types of myofilaments

Answer 21

thick - myosin

thin - actin

Question 22

Sacromere

Answer 22

unit of contraction
divides myofibrils into unites
made up of contactile proteins between z-lines
contractile units are actin & myosin

Question 23

define sliding filament theory

Answer 23

explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement