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PHRM 100 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

2 components of skeletal system?

A

cartilage and bone

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2
Q

cell type in hyaline cartilage?

A

chondrocytes

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3
Q

function of chondrocytes?

A

form intracellular matrix

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4
Q

function of perichondrium and location?

A

contains blood vessels/nerves to provide nutrients/O2 , surrounds hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

2 main types of joints?

A

synarthrotic & diarthrotic (synovial) joints

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6
Q

movement allowed by synarthrotic joints?

A

allow little movement

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7
Q

movement allowed by synovial/diarthrotic joints?

A

joints that allow lots of movement

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8
Q

2 types of synarthrotic joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous

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9
Q

describe fibrous joints?

A

no joint cavity, held by connective tissue

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10
Q

describe cartilaginous joints?

A

have no joint cavity, held by hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

describe synovial/diarthrotic joints?

A

joint cavity, allows free movement

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12
Q

what surrounds synovial joints?

A

articular capsule

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13
Q

function of synovial membrane?

A

secretes synovial fluid

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14
Q

2 components of synovial fluid?

A

hyaluronic acid (binds H2O) and constituents of blood plasma

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15
Q

function of synovial fluid?

A

lubrication

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16
Q

what’re articular discs?

A

pads of cartilage b/w 2 bones of joint

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17
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

chronic, progressive disease that is age-related, with thinned cartilage so bone-bone at joints

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18
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

inflammatory disease, swollen inflamed synovial membrane (in joints), can occur in children

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19
Q

what are ligaments?

A

fibrous tissues connecting bone to bone,

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20
Q

function of ligaments?

A

crucial for stabilization, provides rotational stability

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21
Q

what are tendons?

A

connective tissue connecting muscles with bones

22
Q

5 functions of bones?

A
  1. supports soft tissues
  2. protection
  3. levers for muscles to act against
  4. stores Ca, Phosphorus and fat
  5. blood cell production
23
Q

function of joint mechanoreceptors?

A

responds to joint movement (prevents joint damage from excess joint bending)

24
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

growing region of bone

25
Q

what is the articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage where joints form

26
Q

what cells does spongy bone contain?

A

red marrow (blood cells)

27
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

osteoblast layer in medullary cavity

28
Q

what’s the periosteum?

A

a fibrous covering that contains blood & lymphatic vessels

29
Q

what does the marrow cavity contain?

A

yellow marrow (fat storage)

30
Q

what covers bone?

A

periosteum

31
Q

subunit of bone?

32
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

cells that generate new bone

33
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

cells that absorb bone

34
Q

why is bone remodeling critical?

A

for release of stored Ca in systemic circulation to maintain Ca homeostasis

35
Q

list the steps of bone remodeling

A
  1. oseoclasts absorb bone
  2. osteoblasts secrete new matrix
  3. matrix starts to calcify
  4. calcification of matrix is complete -> new bone
36
Q

what is the cause of osteoporosis?

A

excessive loss of bone structure due to lack of calcium

37
Q

3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

38
Q

where are smooth muscles located?

39
Q

function of skeletal muscle?

A

enables voluntary movements

40
Q

characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?

A

several nuclei in each cell

41
Q

characteristic of cardiac muscle cells?

A

rich in mitochondria

42
Q

what are cardiac muscle cells innervated by?

A

peripheral nerve system

43
Q

what are smooth muscle cells innervated by?

A

peripheral nerve system

44
Q

what wraps around muscles?

A

fascia (fibrous connective tissue)

45
Q

what is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

A

fasciculi or fascicles

46
Q

plasma membrane that surrounds myocytes called?

A

sarcolemma

47
Q

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium storage for muscle contractions

48
Q

2 protein subunits inside of myocytes?

A

actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

49
Q

what are sarcomeres?

A

groups of myofilaments

50
Q

describe steps of muscle contraction in detail

A
  1. muscle cells is depolorized
  2. Ca is released from internal stores in cell
  3. binds to actin at Ca-binding sites
  4. sliding of myosin along actin in one direction
  5. muscle contraction
51
Q

describe steps that lead to action potential in muscle fibers

A
  1. calcium entry into voltage-gated channels
  2. acethylcholine released & binds to receptors
  3. sodium and potassium influx through open channels
  4. depolarization of muscle cell
  5. muscle contraction

PHRM 100 (10 decks)

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