Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

2 components of skeletal system?

Answer 1

cartilage and bone

Question 2

cell type in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 2

chondrocytes

Question 3

function of chondrocytes?

Answer 3

form intracellular matrix

Question 4

function of perichondrium and location?

Answer 4

contains blood vessels/nerves to provide nutrients/O2 , surrounds hyaline cartilage

Question 5

2 main types of joints?

Answer 5

synarthrotic & diarthrotic (synovial) joints

Question 6

movement allowed by synarthrotic joints?

Answer 6

allow little movement

Question 7

movement allowed by synovial/diarthrotic joints?

Answer 7

joints that allow lots of movement

Question 8

2 types of synarthrotic joints?

Answer 8

fibrous, cartilaginous

Question 9

describe fibrous joints?

Answer 9

no joint cavity, held by connective tissue

Question 10

describe cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

have no joint cavity, held by hyaline cartilage

Question 11

describe synovial/diarthrotic joints?

Answer 11

joint cavity, allows free movement

Question 12

what surrounds synovial joints?

Answer 12

articular capsule

Question 13

function of synovial membrane?

Answer 13

secretes synovial fluid

Question 14

2 components of synovial fluid?

Answer 14

hyaluronic acid (binds H2O) and constituents of blood plasma

Question 15

function of synovial fluid?

Answer 15

lubrication

Question 16

what’re articular discs?

Answer 16

pads of cartilage b/w 2 bones of joint

Question 17

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 17

chronic, progressive disease that is age-related, with thinned cartilage so bone-bone at joints

Question 18

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 18

inflammatory disease, swollen inflamed synovial membrane (in joints), can occur in children

Question 19

what are ligaments?

Answer 19

fibrous tissues connecting bone to bone,

Question 20

function of ligaments?

Answer 20

crucial for stabilization, provides rotational stability

Question 21

what are tendons?

Answer 21

connective tissue connecting muscles with bones

Question 22

5 functions of bones?

Answer 22

1. supports soft tissues
2. protection
3. levers for muscles to act against
4. stores Ca, Phosphorus and fat
5. blood cell production

Question 23

function of joint mechanoreceptors?

Answer 23

responds to joint movement (prevents joint damage from excess joint bending)

Question 24

what is the epiphysis?

Answer 24

growing region of bone

Question 25

what is the articular cartilage?

Answer 25

hyaline cartilage where joints form

Question 26

what cells does spongy bone contain?

Answer 26

red marrow (blood cells)

Question 27

what is the endosteum?

Answer 27

osteoblast layer in medullary cavity

Question 28

what’s the periosteum?

Answer 28

a fibrous covering that contains blood & lymphatic vessels

Question 29

what does the marrow cavity contain?

Answer 29

yellow marrow (fat storage)

Question 30

what covers bone?

Answer 30

periosteum

Question 31

subunit of bone?

Answer 31

osteons

Question 32

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 32

cells that generate new bone

Question 33

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 33

cells that absorb bone

Question 34

why is bone remodeling critical?

Answer 34

for release of stored Ca in systemic circulation to maintain Ca homeostasis

Question 35

list the steps of bone remodeling

Answer 35

1. oseoclasts absorb bone
2. osteoblasts secrete new matrix
3. matrix starts to calcify
4. calcification of matrix is complete -> new bone

Question 36

what is the cause of osteoporosis?

Answer 36

excessive loss of bone structure due to lack of calcium

Question 37

3 types of muscle?

Answer 37

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 38

where are smooth muscles located?

Answer 38

in organs

Question 39

function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 39

enables voluntary movements

Question 40

characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 40

several nuclei in each cell

Question 41

characteristic of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 41

rich in mitochondria

Question 42

what are cardiac muscle cells innervated by?

Answer 42

peripheral nerve system

Question 43

what are smooth muscle cells innervated by?

Answer 43

peripheral nerve system

Question 44

what wraps around muscles?

Answer 44

fascia (fibrous connective tissue)

Question 45

what is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

Answer 45

fasciculi or fascicles

Question 46

plasma membrane that surrounds myocytes called?

Answer 46

sarcolemma

Question 47

function of sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 47

calcium storage for muscle contractions

Question 48

2 protein subunits inside of myocytes?

Answer 48

actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

Question 49

what are sarcomeres?

Answer 49

groups of myofilaments

Question 50

describe steps of muscle contraction in detail

Answer 50

1. muscle cells is depolorized
2. Ca is released from internal stores in cell
3. binds to actin at Ca-binding sites
4. sliding of myosin along actin in one direction
5. muscle contraction

Question 51

describe steps that lead to action potential in muscle fibers

Answer 51

1. calcium entry into voltage-gated channels
2. acethylcholine released & binds to receptors
3. sodium and potassium influx through open channels
4. depolarization of muscle cell
5. muscle contraction