Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum

Question 1

5 structures of basal ganglia?

Answer 1

1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. subthalamic nucleus
5. substantia nigra

Question 2

function of basal ganglia?

Answer 2

receives signals from cortex & sends to thalamus, initiates thoughts/motivations

Question 3

2 pathways in basal ganglia?

Answer 3

direct, indirect

Question 4

function of direct pathway?

Answer 4

initiates movement

Question 5

function of indirect pathway?

Answer 5

terminates movement

Question 6

2 structures part of striatum?

Answer 6

caudate nucleus, putamen

Question 7

2 subparts of globus pallidus?

Answer 7

external segment (GPe), internal segment (GPi)

Question 8

2 subparts of substantia nigra?

Answer 8

SNpc, SNpr

Question 9

what neurotransmitter does SNpc produce?

Answer 9

Dopamine

Question 10

how direct pathways work?

Answer 10

1. GABA released at GPi/SNpr inhibits activation
2. increased activity of thalamus
3. Glu released at cortex
4. signal travels through spinal cord->brainstem
5. movement

Question 11

how indirect pathways work?

Answer 11

1. GABA released at GPe inhibits activation
2. No GABA released at STN
3. increased activity of STN
4. Glu released at GPi/SNpr activates it
5. GABA released at thalamus
6. decreased activity of thalamus
7. Glu NOT released at cortex
8. no signal to spinal cord->brainstem
9. movement termination

Question 12

function of Glu?

Answer 12

activation

Question 13

function of GABA?

Answer 13

inhibition

Question 14

function of DA?

Answer 14

activation

Question 15

effect of DA release by SNpc at striatum?

Answer 15

inc. activity of direct pathway + dec. activity of indirect pathway

Question 16

2 disease types for basal ganglia dysfunction?

Answer 16

parkinson disease + huntignton disease

Question 17

symptoms of parkinson disease?

Answer 17

1. bradykinesia (slowed movement)
2. rigidity
3. tremor in joints
4. gait/balance issues

Question 18

symptoms of huntington disease?

Answer 18

1. chorea (rapid, involuntary movement)
2. asthetosis (slow, writhing movement)
3. ballism (flailing movement)
4. cognitive decline
5. psychological issues

Question 19

pathology of parkinson disease?

Answer 19

loss of DA from SNpc means less active direct pathway & more active indirect pathway = harder to initiate movements

Question 20

cause of huntington disease?

Answer 20

genetic disorder results in abnormal protein, leads to damage of GABA neurons in striatum = dec. activity of indirect pathway

Question 21

function of cerebellum?

Answer 21

1. provides balance (connected to organs in inner ear)
2. generates info required for complex movements
3. receives info from cortex + basal ganglia about body position

Question 22

3 layers of cerebellum?

Answer 22

1. molecular
2. purkinje
3. granular

Question 23

5 neuron types in cerebellum?

Answer 23

1. purkinje
2. granular
3. basket
4. stellate
5. golgi

Question 24

function of purkinje cell?

Answer 24

sole output neuron, releases GABA at deep cerebellar neurons to inhibit complex movements

Question 25

function of granular cell?

Answer 25

activates basket + stellate cells by projecting parallel fibers to molecular layer

Question 26

function of basket cell?

Answer 26

inhibits function of purkinje cells

Question 27

function of stellate cell?

Answer 27

inhibits function of purkinje cells

Question 28

function of golgi cell?

Answer 28

inhibits function of granule cells

Question 29

which neurons are affected earlier on in huntington disease?

Answer 29

D2 neurons (indirect pathway)

Question 30

which neurons are NOT affected in huntington disease?

Answer 30

interneurons in striatum

Question 31

2 inputs of purkinje cells?

Answer 31

parallel + climbing fibers

Question 32

input of golgi cells?

Answer 32

mossy fibers + climbing fibers

Question 33

input of stellate cells?

Answer 33

parallel fibers

Question 34

input of basket cells?

Answer 34

parallel fibers

Question 35

input of granular cells?

Answer 35

mossy fibers

Question 36

function of parallel and climbing fibers?

Answer 36

convey error signals