Musculoskeletal basics

Question 1

Inferior to the skull, 33 bones. First 24 are individual bones, two inferior bones are fused

Answer 1

Vertebral column

Vertebrae house the spinal cord. Sacrum and coccyx on the end.

Question 2

Consists of 12 pairs of bones, and part of the vertebral column. These bones encase and protect the cavity.

Answer 2

Thoracic cage, protects thoracic cavity. Ribs and sternum.

Question 3

Girdle with two bones which support the upper limb and anchor it into the trunk.

Answer 3

Pectoral girdle. Clavicle and scapula.

Question 4

The upper limb. How many parts? What are they made of?

Answer 4

Three parts
Arm: humerus
Forearm: radius and ulna
Wrist and hand: carpals, metacarpals, pharalanges

Question 5

Skeleton’s most complex structure. A total of 23 bones.

Answer 5

Skull
8 cranial bones, encasing the brain
14 facial bones, framework for the face

Question 6

This girdle supports the lower limb and anchors it to the trunk.

Answer 6

Pelvic girdle
Made of two pelvic bones and the sacrum, which are together called the pelvis.
Each pelvic bone itself is the ilium, ischium, and pubis fused together. The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (coxal bones)

Question 7

Lower limb

Answer 7

Three parts
Thigh: femur
Leg: tibia and fibula
Ankle and foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 8

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body. Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Answer 8

Axial skeleton

Structured largely for protection, as they encase body cavities and protect the underlying organs

Question 9

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Answer 9

Appendicular skeleton

Structured largely for motion and act primarily as supportive structures to which muscles attach.

Question 10

Surface features-depressions, openings, projections.

Answer 10

Bone markings.

Question 11

Clefts of varying depth in a bone; located where a bone meets another surface, such as another bone or a blood vessel.

Answer 11

Depression bone markings

Question 12

Holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone; permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structure and protect them from trauma

Answer 12

Openings bone markings

Question 13

Bony extensions of varying shapes and sizes; some provide locations for attachment of muscles, tendons, ligaments; some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints.

Answer 13

Projection bone markings

Question 14

Small, flat, shallow coned or concave surface where two bones articulate

Answer 14

Facet

Question 15

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits, flattened or shallow depression

Answer 15

Fossa (pl, flossae)

Question 16

Narrow groove

Answer 16

Groove (sulcus)

Question 17

Tunnel through a bone

Answer 17

Canal, see the end of the tunnel

Meatus, don’t see the end

Question 18

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bone.

Answer 18

Fissure

Question 19

Hole in a bone

Answer 19

Foramen (pl, foramina)

Question 20

Large, smooth, rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

Answer 20

Condyle

Question 21

Narrow, prominent ridge-like projection on a bone

Answer 21

Crest

Question 22

Round projection from bone’s epiphysis

Answer 22

Head

Question 23

Bony bulge adjacent to or above a condyle

Answer 23

Epicondyle

Question 24

Prominent bony projection, often pointed and sharp

Answer 24

Process

Question 25

Sharp process

Answer 25

Spine

Question 26

Large projection found only on the femur

Answer 26

Trochanter

Question 27

Long, low ridge on a bone

Answer 27

Line

Question 28

8 cranial bones?

Answer 28

Four single bones: Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid Two paired bones: temporal and parietal

Question 29

14 facial bones?

Answer 29

Paired maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchal bones Unpaired mandible and vomer.

Question 30

Sharp ridges that form the superior and superiomedial boundaries of the orbit in the frontal bone.

Answer 30

Supraorbital margins Along the middle is the supraorbital foramen.

Question 31

Sutures of the cranium

Answer 31

Sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid

Question 32

The cranial base is divided into these three what, into which the brain fits snugly

Answer 32

Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

Question 33

What are on either side of the foramen magnum, and articulate with the first cervical vertebrae?

Answer 33

Occipital condyles

Question 34

Region of the temporals that is the bone's broad, flat surface. Zygomatic processes and mandibular fossae.

Answer 34

Squamous region

Question 35

Region of the temporals that houses the external acoustic meatus and the styloid process.

Answer 35

Tympanic region

Question 36

Region of the temporal bone that contains the mastoid process.

Answer 36

Mastoid region

Question 37

Region of the temporals on the internal or medial surface, where it forms part of the middle cranial fossae, and contains four important features.

Answer 37

Petrous region. Internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, carotid canal, foramen lacerum

Question 38

A unique deep cranial bone that articulates with every other cranial bone.

Answer 38

Sphenoid bone. Central body with sphenoidal sinuses and sella turcica. Greater wings with foramen rotundum, ovale, spinosum. Lesser wings with superior orbital fissure. Pterygoid processes.

Question 39

The roof of the cranium that's composed of part of the frontal bone, the parietals, and part of the occipital.

Answer 39

Calvaria, cranial vault, skull cap

Question 40

The skull's inferior aspect composed of portions of the ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and temporal bones.

Answer 40

Cranial base Anterior cranial fossae, middle cranial fossae, posterior cranial fossae

Question 41

What are features of the fetal skull?

Answer 41

Frontal suture (metopic suture) Fontanelles: anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal

Question 42

How many bones are in the adult and infant bodies?

Answer 42

Adults have 206 Infants have 300-350

Question 43

Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process

Answer 43

Trochlea

Question 44

Deep pit or socket depression in the maxilla or mandible

Answer 44

Alveolus

Question 45

Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

Answer 45

Ramus

Question 46

Small, rough projection

Answer 46

Tubercle

Question 47

Large, rough projection

Answer 47

Tuberosity

Question 48

Cavity or hollow space in a bone

Answer 48

Sinus

Question 49

The places of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or bones and teeth.

Answer 49

Joints Arthrology

Question 50

A joint that does not allow any movement between articulating bones

Answer 50

Synarthrosis joint Functional classification

Question 51

Allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones

Answer 51

Amphiarthroses joint Functional classification

Question 52

Freely moveable joint, allowing a wide variety of specific movements

Answer 52

Diarthrosis joint Functional classification

Question 53

Joints fastened together by dense regular connective tissue. The bones are united by collagen fibers so no joint cavity. Most are immovable.

Answer 53

Fibrous joints Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses Structural classification

Question 54

Has cartilage between the articulating bones, with no joint space. Two types?

Answer 54

Cartilaginous joints Synchondroses have a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage. Rib cage. Synarthrotic (immovable) Symphyses have fibrocartilage as the main connecting material. Intervertebral joint. Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)

Question 55

Joints with a layer of hyaline cartilage on the surface of each articulating bone. Six features?

Answer 55

Synovial joints Articular capsule, articular cartilage, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels Also adipose tissue

Question 56

Type of fibrous joint in which the articulating bones are joined by a long membrane composed of dense regular connective tissue. Between radius and ulna, fibula and tibia

Answer 56

Syndesmoses

Question 57

The synovial joint cavity is characterized by these features

Answer 57

Articular capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane), synovial fluid, and articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Question 58

What is synovial fluid for?

Answer 58

Lubrication to reduce friction and protect articulations. Metabolic function by supplying nutrients like glucose and removing waste products formed in the joint cavity. Shock absorption

Question 59

A strand of dense regular connective tissue that connects one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce the articulating bones.

Answer 59

Ligament. Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments.

Question 60

A structural component of skeletal muscle composed of dense regular cartilaginous tissue that connects the muscle to a bone or another structure

Answer 60

Tendons. Stabilize joints

Question 61

A synovial fluid-filled structure resembling a limp water balloon. May be attached to the articular capsule or completely separate. Found in regions of high stress

Answer 61

Bursa

Question 62

Long bursae that surround some tendons in high-stress regions of the body.

Answer 62

Tendon sheaths. Protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints.

Question 63

The inflammation of one or more joints, resulting in pain and decreased range of motion. The articular cartilage breaks down and the underlying bone is damaged.

Answer 63

Osteoarthritis: wear and tear Rheumatoid arthritis: immune system attacks the connective tissues surrounding synovial joints Gouty arthritis: excess uric acid crystallizes and forms deposits in the connective tissue surrounding a joint

Question 64

Axis movements of joints?

Answer 64

Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial or triaxial

Question 65

The usually less moveable, anchoring point of a muscle on a bone. The end attached to the bone or structure that will be moved when the muscle contracts.

Answer 65

Origin Insertion

Question 66

The prime mover muscle that provides most of the force required for a given movement.

Answer 66

Agonist

Question 67

Lies on the opposite side of its partner muscle, and tends to slow and oppose the action.

Answer 67

Antagonist

Question 68

Muscles that work together with the agonist. They sometimes make a movement more efficient by stabilizing a joint, overlapping with fixators.

Answer 68

Synergists

Question 69

Muscles that hold a bone in place, an anchoring function that makes movement more efficient and reduces risk of injury.

Answer 69

Fixators

Question 70

Muscle with evenly spaced fascicles attaching to a tendon that is about the same width as the muscle.

Answer 70

Parallel muscles Sartorious

Question 71

A broad muscle that uniformly tapers to a single tendon. Triangular muscles sometimes.

Answer 71

Convergent Pectoralis major

Question 72

Muscle with fibers and fascicles that attach to the tendon at an angle in such that the muscle looks like a feather.

Answer 72

Pennate muscle Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate (fusiform is biceps brachii)