Histology, Ch 4

Question 1

Allows substances to diffuse across quickly. Lines air sacs, outer boundary of serous membranes, kidney tubules, blood vessels

Answer 1

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 2

Large, central nucleus. Relatively thin so that substances can diffuse across quickly. Certain kidney tubules and respiratory passages, ducts of many glands, thyroid gland

Answer 2

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 3

Things can diffuse across but it’s generally too thick to be efficient. Found in upper respiratory passages and the nasal cavity, where it’s ciliated.

Answer 3

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Question 4

Apical layers that lack nuclei, with cells that are no longer living. Filled with keratin and resistant to friction. Outer layer of skin.

Answer 4

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

Found in organs that require protection from mechanical abrasion but need to retain moist surfaces. Mouth, throat, lungs, esophagus, anus, vagina

Answer 5

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

Increase membrane surface area for absorption. Much smaller than?

Answer 6

Microvilli, which are smaller than cilia

Question 7

Typical function is excretion. Kidney tubules, sweat glands.

Answer 7

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 8

Has goblet cells, microvilli, nucleus near basement membrane. Stomach and intestine lining.

Answer 8

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 9

Stratified. Cells change shape as bladder fills.

Answer 9

Transitional epithelium

Question 10

Voluntary movements, cells/fibers striated, multinucleate, nuclei are peripheral. Attached to bones of skeleton and the skin

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle

Question 11

Non-striated because myofilaments are not arranged into bundles. Walls of most viscera (organs) such as stomach, intestines, urinary bladder

Answer 11

Smooth muscle

Question 12

Wall of heart. Striated, multinucleate, intercalated discs, tight junctions between adjacent cells, fibers/cells can branch

Answer 12

Cardiac muscle

Question 13

Cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Consists of soma, densities, axons

Answer 13

Neurons

Question 14

Cells that nourish, support, and protect neurons. Over 90% of cells in the brain.

Answer 14

Neuroglia. Glial cells.

Question 15

Contains large amount of tissue fluid. Collagenous and elastic fibers, cell types include macrophages and fibroblasts. Around blood vessels, superficial fascia

Answer 15

Loose connective (areolar)

Question 16

Adipocytes with large triglyceride vacuoles. Superficial fascia, around organs. Connective.

Answer 16

Adipose

Question 17

Forms dermis of skin, perichondrium, periosteum. Similar to areolar but more tightly packed with more collagen. Main cell type is fibroblast

Answer 17

Dense irregular connective

Question 18

Mostly collagenous fibers, main cell is fibroblast. Collagen fibers packed in tight parallel bundles, with fibroblasts squeezed between. Tendons, ligaments, fascia, and aponeuroses

Answer 18

Dense regular connective

Question 19

Chondroblasts produce a firm ground substance called chondrine. Chondrocytes in lacunae. A vascular and surrounded by perichondrium.

Answer 19

Cartilage

Question 20

Collagenous fibers closely packed, individual fibers cannot be seen. Matrix is glassy. Embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage, and caps on long bones.

Answer 20

Hyaline cartilage

Question 21

Similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers in the matrix making it very flexible. Outer ear, epiglottis

Answer 21

Elastic cartilage

Question 22

Collagenous fibers visible with light microscope. Compressible, acts as shock absorber. Intervertebral discs, symphysis in pubis

Answer 22

Fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage)

Question 23

Matrix of calcium salts and collagenous fibers. Osteoblasts in lacunae. Haversian canal surrounded by rings of matrix called lamellar. Canaliculi connect lacunae. Vascular. Blood vessels travel though the canals.

Answer 23

Bone

Question 24

Fluid matrix called plasma consisting mainly of water and proteins. Erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes

Answer 24

Blood

Question 25

Long, straight polysaccharide chains. Negative charges of sugars attract positive ions in the ECF, creating a concentration gradient within the ECF that draws water out of cells and blood vessels by osmosis and traps it within the ECM.

Answer 25

Glycosaminoglycans | GAGS

Question 26

GAGS bound to a protein core. Thousands of these can bind to a very long GAG, forming what? The size of this helps make the ECM firmer, acts as a barrier to diffusion which protects the underlying tissues from invasion

Answer 26

Proteoglycans | Proteoglycan aggregates

Question 27

Glycoproteins of different types. Responsible for adhering cells to each other and into their places within the ECM. Bind to surface proteins as well as protein fibers and proteoglycans.

Answer 27

Cell-adhesion molecules | CAMs

Question 28

Make up 20-25% of all protein within the body. Very resistant to tension and pressure.

Answer 28

Collagen fibers

Question 29

May be stretched one and a half times their resting length without breaking, a property called what? When stretching force is removed they return to their original length, a property called what?

Answer 29

Elastic fibers. Extensibility, elasticity. Elastin allows the fiber to stretch, whereas the glycoproteins support and organize the elastin.

Question 30

Results from abnormal collagen fibers. Recurrent joint dislocations, hyperextensibility of the skin, fragility of the blood vessels, easy bruising, etc.

Answer 30

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome