Endocrine System, Ch 16

Question 1

Organs of this system work by synthesizing and secreting chemical messengers called this, that influence cell function to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 1

Endocrine

Hormones

Question 2

How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system?

Answer 2

The cells of the endocrine do not come into close contact with their target cells. Instead they secrete hormones which travel in the bloodstream to reach the receptors in the target cells. The effects are longer lasting.

Question 3

Signals in which the hormone is secreted into the blood and travels to affect distant tissues.

Answer 3

Endocrine signals

Question 4

Signals that consist of a chemical secreted by cells into the ECF to affect nearby but different types of cells.

Answer 4

Paracrine

Question 5

Signals in which a chemical secreted by the cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type.

Answer 5

Autocrine signals

Question 6

Glands that consist of ductless glandular epithelial cells that secrete their hormones into the ECF for transport by the bloodstream.

Answer 6

Endocrine glands

Question 7

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Answer 7

Exocrine glands

Question 8

The primary organs of the endocrine system use what glands? The secondary?

Answer 8

Primary is only endocrine functions

Secondary is both endocrine and various other.

Question 9

Primary endocrine organs?

Answer 9

Anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal cortices
Endocrine pancreas
Thymus

Question 10

Most of the secondary endocrine organs are what? Anatomically these structures consist of nervous tissue. Secrete chemicals that act as hormones, called what?

Answer 10

Neuroendocrine organs
Neurohormones
Hypothalamus, pineal gland, adrenal medulla

Question 11

When the level of a particular hormone rises in the blood, certain target cells will produce more receptors for that hormone, a process known as what?

Answer 11

Up-regulation

Question 12

Prolonged exposure to to a high level of a given hormone causes target cells to decrease the number of receptors specific for that hormone, a process known as what?

Answer 12

Down-regulation

Question 13

Hormones that consist of one or more amino acids, varying in size from single amino acids (amine) to several (peptide) to complete (protein). Generally hydrophilic and blind to plasma membrane receptors.

Answer 13

Amino-acid based hormones

Question 14

Hormones that are cholesterol derivatives, with a core of hydrocarbon rings. All of them are hydrophobic and can interact with ether intracellular or plasma membrane receptors.

Answer 14

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones are the exception as they are amino-acid based but hydrophobic.