Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

Largest diarthrosis in the human body, a complex hinge joint. Allows flexion and extension. Some rotation and lateral gliding when the joint is flexed.

Answer 1

Knee joint.

Inherently unstable

Question 2

A pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads that sit on the tibial condyles. Provide shock absorption and cushioning between articular cartilages of the femoral and tibial condyles.

Answer 2

Medial and lateral meniscus

Question 3

Connects the femur with the tibia and attaches to the medial meniscus. Prevents hyperabduction of the knee, the tibia from moving far too laterally on the femur.

Answer 3

Tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral)

Question 4

Links the femur to the fibula and prevents the tibia from moving far too medially on the femur (hyperadduction)

Answer 4

Fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral)

Question 5

Ligaments on either side of the knee that tighten when the knee is extended to provide additional stabilization during weight bearing and walking.

Answer 5

Collateral ligaments

Tibial collateral and fibular collateral

Question 6

Ligaments that limit motion of the knee joint in the anterior and posterior directions. Named for their tibial attachments.

Answer 6

Cruciate ligaments

Anterior and posterior

Question 7

Ligament that runs from an anterior insertion site on the tibia to the posterior aspect of the femur. When the knee joint is extended, this tightens to prevent hyperextension and to prevent the tibia from moving too far anteriorly on the femur.

Answer 7

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Question 8

Ligament that travels from a posterior position on the tibia to the anterior femur. When this ligament tightens during knee flexion, it prevents the tibia from displacing itself posteriorly from the femur.

Answer 8

Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 9

Long, S-shaped bone that lays across the superior thorax. Extends between the manubirum and acromion of the scapula.

Answer 9

Clavicle
Sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint
The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula forming the acromioclavicular joint

Question 10

Broad, flat triangles that articulate with the arm and collarbone.

Answer 10

Scapulae

Question 11

Broad anterior surface f the scapula where the sub scapular muscle is located

Notch in the superior border that is a passageway for supra scapular nerve and blood vessels

Answer 11

Subscapular fossa

Suprascapular notch

Question 12

Ridge across the posterior surface of the scapula body. Separates two regions of fossa

Answer 12

Scapular spine

Supraspinatus muscle in the supraspinatous fossa
Infraspinatus muscle in the infraspinatous fossa

Question 13

Smaller, more anterior projection site for muscle attachment in the glenoid cavity

Answer 13

Coracoid process

Question 14

Large posterior process forming shoulder’s bony tip. Continuous with the spine of the scapula

Answer 14

Acromion

Articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

Question 15

Anterior thoracic muscles

Answer 15

Pectorals major helps depress and protract the scapula
Serrates anterior stabilizes and protracts the scapula
Subclavius stabilizes and depresses the scapula

Question 16

Posterior thoracic muscles

Answer 16

Levator scapulae elevates and inferiorly rotates the scapula
Rhomboid minor and major help elevate, retract, and inferiorly rotate the scapula
Trapezius can elevate, depress, retract, or rotate scapula

Question 17

Largest and longest bone of the upper limb. Articulates proximally with the glenoid cavity of the scapula at the shoulder. Articualtes distally with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

Answer 17

Humerus

Arm-Brachium

Question 18

A bulge in the shaft of the humerus that extends along the lateral surface for half the length

Answer 18

Deltoid tuberosity

Question 19

Adjacent to deltoid tuberosity on the humerus where the radial nerve and some blood vessels travel

Answer 19

Radial groove

Question 20

Bony projections on the distal side of the humerus. Provide surfaces for muscle attachment. Palpated on sides of elbow. Ulnar nerve traveling posterior to the medial

Answer 20

medial and lateral epicondyles

Question 21

Joint supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Ball and socket diarthrosis. Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Answer 21

Glenohumeral shoulder joint

Thin,loose joint capsule with coracohumeral ligament and three glenogumeral ligaments

Question 22

Muscles that work as a group to hold head go humerus in glenoid cavity. Tendons encircle joint and fuse with articular capsule. Inferior portion lacks muscles and is the most easily injured.

Answer 22

Rotator cuff muscles

Subscapularis, teres minor, tendon of infraspinatous muscle, tendon of supraspinatous muscle

Question 23

Prime mover of the glenohumeral. Thick, fan-shaped muscle on superior thorax. Prime arm flexor, adducts, medially rotates

Answer 23

Pectorals major

O:medial clavicle, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, body of sternum
I: Lateral part of intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 24

Prime mover of the glenohumeral. Broad triangular muscle on inferior back. Prime arm extensor, adducts, medially rotates.

Answer 24

Latissimus dorsi

O: Spinous process of T7-T12, ribs 8-12, iliac crest, scapula’s inferior angle
I: Intertubercular groove of humerus

Question 25

Prime abductor of the arm, forms contour of the shoulder. Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate the arm, lateral fibers abduct the arm, posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate the arm

Answer 25

Deltoid

Question 26

Synergistic with pectoralis major, flexes and adducts the arm

Answer 26

Coracobrachialis

Question 27

Synergistic with latissimus doors. Extends, adducts, medially rotates the arm

Answer 27

Teres major

Question 28

Provides strength and stability of glenohumeral joint. Attaches scapula to humerus.

Answer 28

Rotator cuff muscles

Question 29

Shoulder appears flattened and squared off, common due to joint instability. Usually occurs when fully abducted humerus is struck hard. Humeral head anterior and inferior to glenohumeral joint capsule

Answer 29

Dislocation of the glenohumeral joint

Question 30

Can be caused by repetitive use and falling on the shoulder or lifting too heavy of an object. Supraspinatus most commonly involved. Baseball. Swelling, pain, tenderness.

Answer 30

Rotator cuff injuries

Question 31

Large two-headed muscle on anterior humerus. One of the two primary flexors of the forearm. Supinator of the forearm when elbow is flexed. Weakly helps flex the humerus

Answer 31

Biceps brachii

Question 32

Deep to the brachii, most powerful flexor of the forearm

On the anterolateral forearm, synergistic in elbow flexion

Answer 32

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Question 33

Large three-headed muscle on the posterior arm, major extensor of the forearm. Also helps extend humerus.

Weak elbow extensor, crosses posterolateral region of the elbow.

Answer 33

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

Question 34

Proximal end of the ulna that forms the posterior bump of the elbow. Posterosuperior lip of trochlear notch. Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Inferior lip of trochlear notch

Answer 34

Olecranon process

Coronoid process

Question 35

Prominent styloid process that attaches to articular disc between the forearm and wrist

Answer 35

Ulnar head