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Health And Social Care > Musculoskeletal And Neural System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal And Neural System Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A

Forms the skeleton, made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. There are long, short, flat and irregular bones.

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2
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Firm, smooth, resilient non -vascular tissue

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3
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connects muscle to bone. They’re tough but flexible bands of fibrous tissue attached to the skeletal muscle that move bones. The structure transmits the force of muscle contraction to the bone.

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4
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Similar to tendons but connect bone to bone as help stabilise joints. They are composed mostly of long, stringy collagen fibres creating short bands of fibrous connective tissue. They’re usually elastic so can be stretched gradually to increase flexibility.

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5
Q

What is the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?

A

The axial skeleton contains the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton contains the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and bones of the legs and arms.

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6
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of?

A

24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and coccyx. It homes and protects the spinal cord.

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7
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Provide a large SA for muscle to attach to
Protect delicate organs
Give shape to the body
Give support to the body
Manufacture red blood cells and store fat, calcium and phosphate.

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8
Q

What are joints?

A

An area of the body where two or more bones join together. They allow movement and stabilise areas.

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of joint?

A

Fibrous joints which are fixed that have movement
Cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement
Synovial joints which allow free movement

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

A

On the outside is the articular capsule or capsular ligament which reinforces and stabilises the joint capsule and prevents over extension.
The joint capsules hold the two ends of bone in place, surrounding the joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
The synovial membrane lines joint capsules and secreted synovial fluid. The synovial fluid surrounds the joint and lubricates the joint
The articular cartilage surrounds the bone, protecting it and allowing friction free movement.

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11
Q

What are the 5 types of joints?

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Fixed
Gliding
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12
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Eg hip. The most mobile type of joint in the human body allowing movement in many directions.

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13
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Eg wrists. The bones move by gliding against each other. They occur between the surfaces of two flat bones and are held together by ligaments. It features two bone plays sliding against each other.

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14
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Eg knee. Enable movements similar to a hinged door.

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15
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Eg neck. Allows the head to be moved side to side and allows movement or rotation around an axis.

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16
Q

What is a fixed joint

A

Eg skull. The skull plates don’t move together or against each other they are fused together.

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17
Q

What is a muscle?

A

Only perform a pulling action never a pushing one. There are 3 types, voluntary, involuntary and cardiac. Voluntary are under the control of will and attached to the skeleton. Involuntary is muscle that works without will and performs action on their own such as blinking and breathing. Cardiac is involuntary muscle that contracts and relaxes found in the heart.

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18
Q

What are the types of muscle cells.

A

Skeletal which is voluntary, smooth which is involuntary and cardiac.

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19
Q

What are the muscle fibres?

A

Fast twitch fibres are a type that produce a large force over a short period of time and fatigue easily. Slow twitch fibres produce a small force over a long period of time and don’t fatigue easily.

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20
Q

How do muscles work?

A

They work antagonistically; as one contracts the other one relaxes it lengthens.

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21
Q

What are the 7 functions of the muscular system?

A 
Movement - contraction In muscles 
Shape - muscular system
Protection - abdominal organs
Stability - stabilises joints
Posture - good tone = better posture
Circulation - helps it
Heat - muscles generate heat
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22
Q

Describe the structure of the brain.

A

Cerebral hemispheres known as the cerebrum covered by the cerebral cortex. Underneath the cerebrum is the brain stem and behind that is the cerebellum.

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23
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Emotional control centre of the brain. Forms personality and influences decisions. Some functions include cognition, problem solving, impulse control and regulating emotions.

24
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Processes sensory information from several parts of the body. Functions including sensing pain, pressure and tough, regulating senses, movement and information processing.

25
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Processes auditory and speech based information. Other functions include long term memories and processing new info.

26
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Processing visual and spatial information. Other functions include movement and colour recognition.

27
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus receives and relays sensory information to/from the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is associated with the pituitary gland. It regulates body temperature, autonomic activities, appetite and more.

28
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Part of the endocrine system. Releases hormones like ACTH (stress response) FSH and LH (sexual reproduction) and oxytocin (child birth).

29
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls posture and balance and smooth movement of the body. Regulates learned patterns, muscle tension, reflexes and motor control.

30
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Large bundle of nerve fibres between the brain that connects the right and left hemisphere. It allows communication and is composed of white matter (nerve cell axons)

31
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Contains centres for controlling automatic functions like heart rate and blood pressure and breathing.

32
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and reflex centres, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and more.

33
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS links the CNS to the external world. It is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The autonomic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

34
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Collect information about the external and internal states and transfer this information to the brain to make an appropriate response.

35
Q

What is the function of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

A 
Somatic = voluntary control 
Autonomic = involuntary control.
36
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

Cytoplasm extended to form the axon
Axon covered in fat and protein called myelin sheath w nodes of ranvier between to make impulses faster
Cell body has dendrites
Axon terminal where neurotransmitters leave
Synapse is between 2 of them

37
Q

What are the functions of sensory, relay and motor neurons?

A 
Sensory = info from receptors to CNS
relay = info between sensory and motor neurons
Motor = information from CNS to effectors aka muscles and glands
38
Q

What is the structure of the different neuron types?

A 
Sensory = long dendrites, short axons
Relay = short dendrites, short axons
Motor = short dendrites, long axons
39
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord.

A

Branches along its length into sensory and motor nerves. Central part is H shaped zone with great matter (nerve cell bodies) with a central canal. Around the grey zone is white matter (nerve cell axons) carrying information up and down the spinal cord. Information comes through dorsal roots and leaves through ventral roots.

40
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Automatic or involuntary response to a stimulus. They have afferent (signals to CNS) and efferent (signals from CNS) components. Eg a pain response to heat involving sensory, relay and motor neurons. It is fast.

41
Q

What are the 8 overall functions of the musculo skeletal system?

A 
Support - skeleton
Movement - joints and muscles 
Protection - skeleton for vital organs, vertebral column for spinal cord, articular cartilage for bone, muscles for abdominal organs
Coordination - reflex actions a brain
Balance - cerebellum
Memory - temporal lobe ad hippocampus
Cognitive thought - mainly frontal lobe
Emotions - frontal lobe
42
Q

What is arthritis?

A

A condition of the joints causing pain swelling and stiffness. There are 2 types.

43
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

middle to late adulthood, develops gradually over time. cartilage becomes pitted, rough and brittle so underlying bone thickens and broadens to reduce the load on the cartilage. Bony outgrowths form at the outer edges making it look knobbly. The synovial membrane and the joint capsule thickens and the space inside the joint narrows. This leads to a stiff joint and inflammation. Sometimes part of the cartilage breaks away from the bone so bone ends are exposed, which may rub against each other so ligaments become strained and weak.

44
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Can occur at any age. Joints become red, inflamed and swollen during attacks and there may also be a raised temp and other aches and pains. Small joints like fingers and toes are affected. It involves the immune system attacking joints and destroying cartilage because it detects them as a foreign body

45
Q

What are the PILES effects of arthritis?

A

P - NSAIDs, pain, visiting GP often, reduced mobility
I - find out more about their condition, stop going to school or work
L - jargon
E - support groups, low self esteem, loss of confidence, depression
S - attending support groups, feel isolated especially if in a wheelchair

46
Q

How can genetics cause arthritis?

A

If someone or many people in the family are diagnose then there may be a genetic element to the condition. This will be investigated during clinical observation.

47
Q

How can lifestyle cause osteoarthritis?

A
  • sports injury or damage
  • job such as bricklayer or ballet dancer as a lot of strain on joints
  • age - more likely in older people
  • more common in females
  • exercise
  • being overweight
  • bone deformities
48
Q

How can lifestyle cause rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Aren’t many as it is the immune system. However more common in women, and people 40-60. Obesity, being overweight, smoking and the environment contribute. Environmental exposure is poorly understood but some exposure like asbestos or silica can increase the risk.

49
Q

How can a clinical observation diagnose arthritis?

A

GP or nurse will ask about symptoms like where the pain is, stiffness in joint, restricted movement an swelling, warmth, redness and tenderness. They also may look for bony swellings, joint tenderness, instability, excess fluid, restricted movement and muscle thinning. They may suspect osteoarthritis if the patient is over 50, has persistent joint pain which gets worse the more they move and stiffness in joints in the morning lasting less than half an hour.

50
Q

How can an X ray diagnose arthritis?

A

They can confirm it after the clinical observation because it will show bony spurs and narrowing of spaces between bones. It can’t indicate the degree of pain felt.

51
Q

How can a blood test diagnose arthritis?

A

A specific antibody called the rheumatoid factor is searched for. 80% of people w rheumatoid arthritis have it but 5% of people without it do as well so it can confirm. If it is a negative test a more specific antibody blood test will be done.

52
Q

How can joint imaging diagnose arthritis?

A

X rays of joints can help differentiate between types of arthritis and can indicate progression of rheumatoid arthritis.

53
Q

How can an ultrasound and MRI scans diagnose arthritis?

A

A musculoskeletal ultrasound may be used to confirm the presence distribution and severity of inflammation and joint damage. An MRI can show what damage has been done.

54
Q

How can common medications treat arthritis?

A
  • NSAIDs like ibuprofen reduce pain and inflammation
  • analgesics also reduce pain
  • steroids reduce inflammation and can be directly injected into the joint but have bad side effects
55
Q

How can joint replacement treat arthritis?

A

If the painkillers aren’t doing enough and it is interfering with everyday life, and symptoms don’t improve, they’ll be put on the list for surgery. Commonly replaced joints are the knee and hip. Joint replacement or resurfacing is usually on people with osteoarthritis not rheumatoid.

56
Q

How can physiotherapy treat arthritis?

A

Can be accessed by people specifically after joint replacement surgery. They will have exercises to strengthen the muscles around the joint, which reduces pain and stress on them. They also may massage painful joints an muscles.

57
Q

How can lifestyle changes treat arthritis?

A
  • reduce weight = less strain on weight bearing joints, even modest weight loss reduces symptoms and long term joint damage
  • avoid exercise but do low impact activities like swimming, walking or cycling
  • dietary supplements may reduce the effect like glucosamine which builds up cartilage (not very effective)
  • supportive devices like finger splints and knee braces reduces stress
  • if walking is difficult, canes crutches and walkers can be used
  • if it’s in the spine, a firmer mattress or wearing a back brace or neck collar
  • complementary therapies like acupuncture or aromatherapy.

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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