Lifestyle Effects Flashcards
1
Q
How does diet negatively effect the cardiovascular system? (7)
A
- caffeine raises BP and tolerances can form.
- fat and sugar causes obesity = High blood pressure
- Apple shaped people more likely to develop HBP than pear shaped - risk of heart attack and stroke
- too much salt raises BP bc retention of water
- drinking too much alcohol = high BP
- high fat diet especially saturated and trans fats increase LDL so increase cholesterol. This increases atheroma increases heart attack, stroke, angina and peripheral vascular disease
- obesity and high carb intake increases risk of diabetes which increases atheroma formation and damage to blood vessels supplying nerves and kidneys.
2
Q
How does diet positively effect the cardiovascular system?(7)
A
- oily fish/omega 3 oils and soluble fibre reduce LDL and therefore cholesterol
- soluble fibre in oatmeal, nuts + beans
- fibre = fullness so reduces snacking
- phytochemichals in fruits and veg are antioxidants
- lycopene in tomatoes and flavonoids in red wine act as antioxidants
- B12 in red meat and eggs and folic acid in spinach form RBC
- mineral ions in beans and potatoes form haemoglobin
3
Q
How does diet effect the digestive system? (5)
A
- caffeine increases ulcers
- food intolerances like wheat = IBS
- diets high in fats and cholesterol increases chance of gallstones
- increased fibre reduces constipation and bowel cancer
- increased fibre = less absorption of sugar and reduce IBS
4
Q
How can diet affect the reproductive system? (4)
A
- obesity = infertility
- overweight causes hormonal problems related to reproductive organs. This can negatively affect ovulation and sperm production
- PCOS = High levels of androgens In blood caused by excess insulin from too much sugar
- alcohol reduces male fertility
5
Q
How can diet affect the musculoskeletal and neural systems ? (3)
A
- obesity = arthritis
- High calcium and phosphate intake reduces osteoporosis
- omega 3 fatty acids help rheumatoid arthritis
6
Q
How can smoking affect the respiratory system? (8)
A
- healthy system = mucus made by goblet cells collects dust and microorganisms and cilia sweep this to back of throat. Smoking damages cilia and they become paralysed and disappear = smokers cough
- coughing increases especially in morning as mucous accumulates
- pathogenic organisms usually removed can enter = more illness
- bronchitis = mucus production increases and lining of bronchioles thicken so breathing harder
- emphysema = alveoli burst so cough worsens, fatigue, wheezing, bad breathing - walls of alveoli break down so gas exchange less efficient and o2 not getting to cells efficiently
- cellular changes leading to lung cancer. Cells in the outer border of bronchial lining develop more rapidly and displace ciliated cells. Nuclei resembles cancerous cells
- cells may break through basement membrane and divide within lung tissue forming a tumour
- cancer of throat, mouth and lungs
7
Q
How can smoking affect the cardiovascular system? (7)
A
- increases atheroma so damages blood vessels
- blood vessels blocked due to atheroma eg to the heart = heart attack, to the brain = stroke
- increased heart rate and blood pressure. Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict and as they narrow BP rises - heart attack and stroke
- nicotine releases adrenaline = HBP
- smoking causes platelets to become more sticky so clots form
- as nicotine constricts blood vessels major organs deprived of o2
- contains CO binds to haemoglobin reducing carrying capacity
8
Q
How can smoking affect the reproductive system? (7)
A
- affects hormone production and makes it difficult for women to become pregnant
- men have damaged DNA so infertile
- erectile dysfunction
- ectopic pregnancy
- mothers who smoke causes tissue damage in the foetus in lungs and brains. CO damages CNS and impairs foetal growth
- babies born w cleft lip and palate
- sudden infant death syndrome
9
Q
How can smoking affect the digestive system? (2)
A
- nicotine is a diet suppressant so person may lose weight or not get enough nutrients
- nicotine breaks down mucous membrane = ulcer
10
Q
How does alcohol affect the digestive system? (10)
A
- vomiting
- acid reflux
- cirrhosis and liver failure because liver cells die and are replaced by non-functional fibrous tissue. Bile production decrease which is needed in digestion
- poor nutrition
- alcohol absorbed through duodenal wall and broken down in liver. Women affected more bc more fat and less enzymes for alcohol breakdown
- empty calories
- low blood sugar - alcohol stops liver converting glycogen to glucose and stops insulin letting glucose into cells
- lasts 8-12 hours
- inflammation of stomach wall = ulcer
- low absorption of B12
11
Q
How does alcohol affect musculo skeletal and neural systems? (9)
A
- impaired judgement
- slurred speech
- violence
- loss of STM
- drowsiness
- decreased perception + coordination
- unconsciousness
- mental disorders like depression and anxiety
- alcohol dependency
12
Q
How can alcohol affect reproductive systems? (5)
A
- alcohol passes from maternal blood to foetal blood through placenta. Babies liver is last to develop and doesn’t mature until later so can’t process it and doesn’t develop right
- risk of miscarriage
- premature birth and low birth weight
- learning difficulties and behavioural problems
- foetal alcohol syndrome = poor growth, facial abnormalities and learning and behavioural problems
13
Q
How does alcohol affect the cardiovascular system?(2)
A
- can contribute to heart and cerebrovascular disease and hypertension and stroke
- High BP and heart attack and stroke
14
Q
How does alcohol affect the renal system? (1)
A
Is a diuretic (opposite of ADH) so causes dehydration
15
Q
How does alcohol affect the respiratory system?(2)
A
Breathing difficulties in short term
Cancer of the mouth, larynx, throat etc
