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Health And Social Care > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 parts of the heart?

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Right atrium
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary artery
  6. Pulmonary vein
  7. Left atrium
  8. Left ventricle
  9. Aorta
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2
Q

What are the 4 valves in the heart and where are they?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve = right side of the heart between the atria and ventricles
  2. Bicuspid valve = left side of the heart between atria and ventricles
  3. Semilunar valve on the left
  4. Semilunar valve on the right - between ventricles and arteries.
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3
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Makes up the heart, specialised tissue that allows the heart to contract in an organised manner to pump blood to the lungs and tissues.

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4
Q

What is the septum, bundle of His and purkinje fibres?

A

The septum is the muscle running between the two ventricles. The bundle of His are located through the septum, and divide at the apex into branches of Purkinje fibres, up the walls of the heart.

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5
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood.

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6
Q

What is the ‘lubb-dupp’ sound of the heart?

A

The lubb is the atrioventricular valves closing and the dupp is the semilunar valves opening.

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7
Q

Describe the flow of blood.

A

Heart (aorta) - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava - heart

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8
Q

Give the main properties of arteries.

A
  1. Thick elastic walls to withstand high pressures
  2. They expand and recoil
  3. Blood flows away from the heart
  4. Blood is at high pressure
  5. High oxygen content
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9
Q

Describe the structure of an artery.

A

Tunica externa is the outer layer made of collagen fibres.
Tunica media is thicker, made of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres
Tunica intima is made of endothelium that lines the lumen
The lumen is the hole in the middle

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10
Q

What happened when coronary arteries become blocked?

A

Partially blocked = when exercising angina occurs

Fully blocked = no blood reaches the heart so no oxygen gets to it so a heart attack occurs and part of the heart dies

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11
Q

Give the main properties of the capillaries.

A
  1. One cell thick for short diffusion pathway
  2. Gas exchange occurs
  3. Permeable to allow diffusion of gases
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12
Q

Give the main properties of veins.

A
  1. Veins have a much wider lumen to keep blood flowing
  2. Blood flows to the heart
  3. Have valves
  4. Blood kept in the veins by contraction of muscle around them
  5. Walls much thinner than arteries
  6. Blood pressure lower
  7. Low oxygen content
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13
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the blood?

A
  1. Transport of substances
  2. Temperature regulation
  3. Defence against disease through thrombocytes
  4. Reproduction
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15
Q

Describe the main properties of red blood cells/ erythrocytes (6).

A
  1. Contain haemoglobin, an iron rich protein which picks up oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues, gives the cells the red colour
  2. Carries oxygen
  3. Structured like bi-concave with no nucleus and are created in red bone marrow of large bones
  4. Circulate for 120 days
  5. Anaemia = too few red blood cells or not enough haemoglobin because of too little iron
  6. Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin, taking it to tissues
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16
Q

Describe the main properties of white blood cells/leukocytes. (5)

A
  1. 5 major types
  2. Fight infection which is why WBC count indicates infection
  3. Also created in bone marrow
  4. Granulocytes such as monocytes/neutrophils which combat infection by engulfing cells and cell debris
  5. Lymphocytes such as T cells or B cells - T cells attack a virus infected/cancer cell, B cells produce antibodies which bind bacteria and destroy them.
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17
Q

Describe the main properties of platelets / thrombocytes. (5)

A
  1. Responsible for blood clotting
  2. Small with no nucleus
  3. React to various clotting factors in plasma
  4. Formed in bone marrow
  5. Blood clotting is vital, preventing excess blood loss from damaged blood vessels and preventing pathogen entry.
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18
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A

Deoxygenated blood from body - vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - oxygenated blood - pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - semilunar valve - aorta - body.

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19
Q

Define myogenic.

A

The heart is describe as myogenic because it can contract without stimulation from the nervous system or hormones.

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20
Q

Describe the control of the heart beat.

A
  1. Electrical signal from group of cells at the top of the right atrium called sino atrial node (pace maker)
  2. Atria contract simultaneously - blood pushed into ventricles
  3. Electrical signal stops for a moment at the Atrio ventricular node so the atria empties
  4. AVN passes signal down bundle of His to the apex of the heart
  5. Then signal spreads up purkinje fibres causing ventricles to contract - blood is pushed out of the heart
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21
Q

What is the SAN connected to?

A

Nerves in the brain indicating whether heart rate should increase or decrease. These nerves are accelerator and decelerator nerves. Adrenaline also makes the heart rate increase.

22
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressure in blood pressure?

A

Systolic = when the heart contracts and forces blood through the arteries (highest)
Diastolic = when the heart relaxes between beats (lowest)
Sistolic / diastolic.

23
Q

What is the best blood pressure and what should BP ideally be below?

A

120/80 mmHg. Should be below 145/85.

24
Q

What is mmHg?

A

Millmeters of Mercury, the measure for BP.

25
Q

Why is hypertension (constant high BP) bad and what causes it?

A

Has no symptoms but over time the heart become abnormally large and beats less effectively. It increases the risk of heart attack or stroke. Causes could be inactivity, being overweight, bad diet and a family history of high BP.

26
Q

Define angina and heart attack.

A

Angina = chest pain or discomfort in the chest that comes on with exercise and stress.
Heart attack = aka myocardial infarction. Symptoms including severe chest pain spreading to arms neck and jaw, sweating, feeling lightheaded, feeling sick and being short of breath.

27
Q

How does a heart attack occur?

A

Coronary arteries can become narrowed from buildup of fatty plaques called atheroma. In tune arteries can become so narrow that it can’t deliver oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle when the demand is high eg during exercise. If the artery is blocked for more than a few minutes the muscle cells become permanently damaged during a heart attack. The muscle had been starved of oxygen and is being damaged.

28
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Disease of the arteries supplying the heart. Atherosclerosis is a major cause. Thickening of arteries due to atheroma results in CHD, which can then cause a heart attack because the heart muscle has less oxygen. Atherosclerosis leads to reduced blood supply to the tissues.

29
Q

How is cholesterol implicated in CHD/heart attacks?

A

High HDL: LDL = lower risk of CHD. LDLS transport cholesterol from the liver to body tissues and deposit it in blood vessels. HDL takes cholesterol from tissues to the liver to be metabolised. LDL = saturated fat HDL = polyunsaturated fat. LDL can be reduced by exercise, fibre and healthy diet.

30
Q

What are the 5 causes of heart attacks?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Alcohol
  3. Smoking
  4. Genetic predisposition
  5. Lifestyle.
31
Q

How is diet implicated in causing heart attacks or CHD?

A

Diets high in animal fats and dairy increase cholesterol and atherosclerosis, and risk of being of being over weight. This increases the likelihood of hypertension, heart disease and diabetes. Salt intake over 6g a day is associated with higher risk of heart attacks.

32
Q

How is alcohol implicated in heart attacks?

A

Long term heavy drinking is linked to hypertension, heart disease and strokes. Also contains empty calories so contribute to being overweight

33
Q

How is smoking implicated in heart attacks / CHD?

A

Smokers are at higher risk of dysfunction. Nicotine raises blood pressure because it release adrenaline, making blood vessels constrict and the heart beat faster. Also damages artery lining.

34
Q

How is genetic predisposition implicated in heart attacks / CHD?

A

People with a family history of heart disease and strokes, particularly before 50 should have their cholesterol levels checked regularly and lead a healthy lifestyle.

35
Q

How is lifestyle implicated in heart attacks / CHD?

A

Stress is a factor, although secondary to others. Depression, grief and redundancy are also linked. Drinking a lot of caffeine, aka more than 5 cups of tea or coffee a day, is linked to heart attacks. Recreational drugs and not assessing weight/BMI/cholesterol, adopting a sedentary lifestyle and being w people with poor lifestyle choices also contributes.

36
Q

How are chest X-rays used to diagnose heart disease?

A

Chest x-rays show the outline of the heart and major blood vessels which appear white as they’re denser than lungs and ribs. The position, size and shape can reveal enlargement or atrophy of parts of the heart and major blood vessels.

37
Q

What is coronary angiography?

A

The chambers of the heart and coronary arteries are shown. The patient has an infection into the circulation of a substance which is opaque to X-rays. A series of X-rays are taken to display the heart and its blood supply. Useful to show CHD.

38
Q

How are MRI scans used to show heart disease?

A

Magnetic resonance imagining scans. Produce high quality images of the heart.

39
Q

How does blood pressure monitoring diagnose heart disease?

A

Risk of heart disease is associated with hypertension so it can diagnose a potential problem.

40
Q

How can an ECG diagnose heart disease?

A

Electrocardiogram monitors electrical activity of the heart using electrodes attached to the arms, legs and chests. Many disorders produce abnormal ECGs. It is a useful, non invasive technique. It can diagnose a heart attack or when the heart has become enlarged or thickened. It can diagnose tachycardia, brachycardia and arrhythmia. It picks up 3 waves.

41
Q

What does tachycardia, brachycardia and arrhythmia look like on an ECG?

A 
Tachycardia = more waves
Brachycardia = less waves
Arrhythmia = irregular waves
42
Q

What 3 waves does the ECG pick up?

A

P wave = depolarisation of atria before they contract
QRS complex = depolarisation of ventricles before they contract
T wave = repolarisation of ventricles

43
Q

How can heart surgery treat heart attacks?

A

Coronary bypass surgery is where a section of a vein in the leg is removed and used to bypass a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. The patient may be put on a heart-lung machine to oxygenate blood.

44
Q

How can medication treat heart attacks?

A

Beta blockers sit on the beta-adrenergic receptors and stop the receptor being stimulated. If beta receptors are blocked the force and rate of heart beat are reduced. They reduce angina pains, prevent risk of heart attack, control abnormal heart rhythms and treat heart failure/lower BP. An example is atenolol. Other examples of medication are antiplatelets like aspirin or clopidogrel, cholesterol lowering agents like statins or ACE inhibitors which dilate blood vessels like Ramipril.

45
Q

How does angioplasty treat heart attacks?

A

Emergency treatment for those who have had a heart attack due to a blocked artery. An angiogram is usually done before but sometimes they’re done at the same time. A catheter with a small inflatable balloon at its til is passed into an artery at the arm of groin. X- rays then direct the catheter into the coronary artery until it reaches a narrow of blocked section. The balloon inflates so fatty tissue is pushed to the side. A stent then expands and holds the blood vessel open. The ballon is let down and the stent is held in place. Anti platelets have to be taken to reduce blood clots forming around the stent.

46
Q

How is thrombolysis a treatment for heart attacks?

A

An injection breaks down the clot in the coronary artery.

47
Q

How can a heart transplant and prevention of rejection treat a heart attack?

A

Replacement of a heart from a dead donor. Donor and recipient must have matching blood and tissue types or rejection from the immune system occurs. Transplant success depends on matching the tissues; proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells (particularly leukocytes) are used to match tissues. Twins are the only complete match but close relatives are also good. Immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine must be taken for life to prevent rejection.

48
Q

How can lifestyle changes treat heart attacks?

A

Avoid high fat diets
Avoid convenience food high in sugar, salt and fat
Move towards a healthy diet with complex carbohydrates
5 a day
Oily dish fibre
Water
Stop smoking

49
Q

What are the physical effects of surgery?

A

Nausea
Loss of appetite
Increased awareness of heart beat
Improvement in mobility and physical ability eg walking without becoming breathless

50
Q

What are intellectual effects of surgery?

A

Concentration span reduced for 6 weeks
Memory loss
More aware of procedures and medications
Return to school or work

51
Q

What are emotional effects of surgery?

A 
Anxiety and stress
Low confidence
Mild depression 
Transplant doesn’t belong to them
Less frustrated because can move
52
Q

What are social effects of surgery?

A

Improved socialisation because more active
Resume relationships with colleagues and friends
Can resume hobbies

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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