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Adult Nursing Final > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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1
Q

X- Ray

A

determine bone density, texture, erosion & changes in bone position

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2
Q

CT

A

can reveal tumor of the soft tissue or injuries to ligaments or tendons; used to identify the location & extent of fractures in areas that are difficulty to evaluate

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3
Q

MRI

A

determines abnormalities of muscle, tendon, cartilage, nerve, & fat

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4
Q

Arthography

A

useful in identifying acute or chronic tears of the joint capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip or wrist; radiopaque contrast agent or air injected into joint cavity; series of X- rays taken

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5
Q

Arthroscopy

A

an endoscopic procedure done to visualize the internal structures of a joint

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6
Q

Bone Densitometry

A

Dual-Energy X-ray (DEXA) scans

  • estimates the density of bone mass & presence/ extent of osteoporosis
  • Done on the wrist, hip, or spine
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7
Q

Bone Scan

A

done to detect metastatic & primary bone tumors, osteomyelitis, certain fractures, & aseptic necrosis

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8
Q

Artrocentesis

A

Joint aspiration to obtain synovial fluid for examination or to relieve pain due to effusion

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9
Q

Electromyography (EMG) & nerve conduction studies

A

done to determine the presence & cause of muscle weakness

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10
Q

Biopsy

A

done to determine structure & composition of bone marrow, bone, muscle, or synovium

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11
Q

Casts

A

-ridged, external immobilizing device

USES: immobilize a reduced fracture, correct a deformity, apply uniform pressure to soft tissues, stabilize joints

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12
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A

pressure within muscle compartments compromises circulation by decreasing blood flow & nerve compression
- blood, fluid, tight cast, splint, brace

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13
Q

Disuse syndrome

A

muscle atrophy & decreases strength

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14
Q

External Fixator

A
  • Allows immediate fracture stabilization
  • Minimal blood loss
  • early mobilization & ambulation
  • maintains alignment of closed fractures not casted or splinted
  • Allows wound care with open fractures
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15
Q

Nursing care for external fixator

A
  • pin care-use of chlorhexidine or provider preference
  • antibiotics to prevent osteomyelitis
  • monitor for fat emboli & PE
  • TED/SCDs for DVT prevention
  • No adjustments to fixator frame
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16
Q

Traction

A

-Pulling force to align injured area
-straight or running
-Balanced suspension
-Body & bed position provides countertraction
All traction needs to be applied in two directions. The lines of pull are “vectors of force”. The result of the pulling force is between the two lines of the vectors of force

17
Q

Manual traction

A
  • pulling force by hand with sedation
  • followed by applying an immobilizing device
  • maybe use when adjusting traction apparatus
18
Q

Skin traction

A
  • intermittent use
  • pulling force supplied by weights attached by rope to patient with straps, tape, or boots
  • Chin halter, pelvic or Bucks extension
19
Q

Skeletal traction

A

weights continuously

  • pulling force is applied directly to bone by weights attached by rope directly to rod/screw placed through the bone
  • skeletal tongs, Steinmann pin
  • 25-40 pounds of weight if needed
20
Q

Halo traction

A

type that encircles the head & is secured to a vest that is worn

21
Q

Nursing Management for Traction

A
  • Pin care with skeletal traction & external fixations include: protocol using chlorhexidine or provider preference, pin sites cleaned separately to avoid cross contamination, Dont remove crusting as this is a natural barrier from bacteria
  • Prophylactic antibiotics, analgesics, muscle relaxants
22
Q

Total Hip Replacement (Arthroplasty)

A
  • damaged femoral head removed & replaced
  • Metal stem either cemented or “press fit”
  • Metal or ceramic ball used on upper part of stem
  • Acetabulum removed & replaced with a metal socket
  • A plastic, ceramic, or metal spacer inserted between the new ball & the socket fro smooth gliding
23
Q

Post Op hip management

A
  • positioning & preventing dislocation
  • may turn on unaffected side or lay supine
  • prevent full flexion, adduction, & internal rotation
  • Use abduction wedge between legs or pillows prior to positioning
24
Q

Proper positioning of total hip precautions

A
  • use raised toilet seat
  • use straight chairs with arms
  • use an abduction pillow between legs while in bed & turning
  • Toes may external rotate
25
Q

Improper postitioning

A
  • Avoid flexion of hip greater than 90 degrees
  • Avoid low chairs
  • Affected leg should not cross center of body
  • Do not internally rotate toes
26
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • a metabolic bone disorder resulting in low bone density
  • rate of bone resorption (loss) is greater than bone formation resulting in fragile bone tissue & fractures
  • Osteopenia is the precursor to osteoporosis referring to low bone mineral density for what is expected for patients age & sex
27
Q

Primary Osteoporosis

A
  • most frequently in postmenopausal women

- failure to develop optimal peak bone mass during childhood, adolescence, & young adulthood

28
Q

Secondary Osteoporosis

A
  • from medical conditions
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • long term corticosteroid use
  • CRF
  • malabsorption
29
Q

Fractures

A

-a break in the continuity of the bone

30
Q

ORIF

A
  • visualization of a fracture through an incision

- Repair made with plates, screws, pins, rods, or prosthetics

31
Q

Fat Embolism syndrome

A

fat globules from bone marrow released into vasculature & travel to small blood vessels

32
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

an infection in the bone secondary to penetration of infectious organism

33
Q

CRPS

A

painful sympathetic nervous system problem; frequently chronic; disuse muscle atrophy & osteoporosis

34
Q

Amputation

A

removal of a body part frequently from trauma or a vascular events
-used to relieve symptoms, improve function & save lives

35
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A

sensation of pain at location of extremity after amputation; RT severed nerve pathways

Adult Nursing Final (13 decks)

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