Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Nursing Final > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

Hormones

A

natural chemicals that exert their effects on specific tissues known as target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is in place to prevent hormone accumulation?

A

negative feedback system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

A
  • changes from the normal point & amplifies it
  • Blood clot formation: vessel damages, platelets start to cling to injured site & release chemicals that attract more platelets until clot is formed
  • Milk production: suckling baby
  • uterine contractions: oxytocin release intensifies contractions
  • Fever: body heats self to get rid of bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce?

A

CRH, TRH, GHRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the anterior Pituitary produce?

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL (prolactin), GH, MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Deficient GH

A

growth retardation: short stature, decreased bone density, truncal obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Deficient FSH & LH

A

Women: amenorrhea, breast atrophy, decreased axillary & pubic hair
Men: decreased facial & body hair, impotence, reduced muscle mass, & loss of bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deficient TSH

A

decreased TSH: weight gain, hirsutism, slowed cognition, lethargy, decreased metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deficient ACTH

A

decreased cortisol levels: weakness, decrease resistance to infection, fasting hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

a hormone oversecretion that occurs with pituitary tumors or hyperplasia

  • most common cause is a pituitary adenoma
  • Results in gigantism or acromegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Excess GH

A

Gigantism (before puberty)
Acromegaly (after puberty): Increase in lip & nose sizes, prominent brow ridge, increase in head, hand & foot size, protrusion of the lower jaw, enlarged organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Excess prolactin

A

Galactorrhea: discharge of a milk like substance thats not associated with breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Excess ACTH

A

Cushings Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Excess TSH

A

Elevated plasma TSH levels: weight loss, tachy, heat intolerance, fine tremors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

removal of the pituitary gland & tumor by surgery, cryosurgery, or gamma knife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hypofunction: Diabetes Insipidus

A

deficiency of production or secretion of ADH, decreased renal response to ADH

  • results in fluid & electrolyte imbalances
    • excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
    • Increased plasma osmolality (hypernatremia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Symptoms of Posterior Pituitary hypofunction

A

Polyuria, Polydipsia, hypotension, tachycardia, poor turgor, drug mucous membranes, increased thirst, decreased cognition, weight loss, fatigue, weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hyperfunction

A
  • Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
    • an excessive amount of serum ADH resulting in water intoxication & dilutional hyponatremia
  • Results in fluid retention: increased plasma volume inhibits the release of renin & aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Characteristics of Posterior Pituitary Hyperfunction

A

high intravascular volume, weight gain, pulmonary symptoms, lethargy, HA, changes in LOC, seizures, decreased DTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the thyroid produce

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is contained in the thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What controls release of pituitary hormones?

A

TRH from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What controls the release of thyroid hormone?

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of iodine?

A

taken from food and converts into T4 and T3 and thyroid cells are the only cells that can absorb iodine and they combine with amino acid and tyrosine to make T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

a deficiency of thyroid hormone causing a general slowing of the metabolic rate

  • causes: Hashimotos
  • congenital: cretinism: deficient hormone during fetal/neonatal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroid?

A
  • fatigue, apathy
  • amenorrhea
  • Hair loss, brittle nails, dry & thick skin
  • slow speech, subdued emotional responses, cold intolerance
  • weight gain, constipation
  • Dyspnea, deafness
  • Advanced symptoms: demetia type changes, sleep apnea
  • Myxedema coma: hypothermic, unconscious, stupor, fluid accumulates causing pericardial & pleural effusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the labs look like for hypothyroid

A

TSH increased
T3 and T4 decreased
elevated cholesterol & triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Management of Hypothyroid

A

replace hormones

levothyroxine (synthroid)

30
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroid

A
  • hyperexcitable, irritable, apprehensive
  • cardiac symptoms
  • weight loss, diarrhea, increased appetite
  • fine tremors, insomnia, heat intolerance
  • exophthalmos
  • muscle fatigue, osteoporosis, fracture
  • enlarged thyroid gland
31
Q

What do the labs look like for hyperthyroid

A

decreased TSH

increased T3 and T4

32
Q

Acute Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid Storm)

A

acute & severe when excess amounts of thyroid hormones released into circulation: high fever, tachy, delirium pyschosis

33
Q

Management of hyperthyroid

A

antithyroid: Propylthiouracil, methimazole

Iodine

34
Q

Thyroid Medication: potassium Iodine

A
  • salt of iodine (non-radioactive)
  • protects thyroid gland against internal uptake of radioiodine released with a nuclear event
  • Blocks absorption of radioactivity
35
Q

Nursing Management for thyroid

A
  • nutrition: high calorie diet (4000-5000 cal/day)
  • General obsevations
  • Eyes & skin
36
Q

Thyroidectomy

A
  • Subtotal thyroidectomy: remaining tissue supplies adequate hormone
    • Hyperthyroidism
    • goiter
    • thyroid cancer
  • Total thyroidectomy for some thyroid cancers
    • requires life long thyroid replacement therapy
37
Q

Thyroidectomy Preoperative

A
  • may receive PTU or tapazole (antithyroid) 4-6 weeks priors to surgery
  • monitor for hypothyroidsm
  • Propranolol-blocks adrenergic effects
  • Iodine for 10-14 days-reduces size & prevents excess bleeding
  • Dietary information for metabolic needs & avoiding stimulants
  • Medications to achieve euthyroid status
  • Dietary information for metabolic needs & avoiding stimulants
  • Routine pre-op instructions
38
Q

Thyroidectomy Postoperative

A
  • high fowlers position
  • ask patient to talk to check for laryngeal nerve damage
  • monitor for bleeding & hematoma; dressing
  • avoid neck flexion or extension; neck support
  • respiratory support
  • monitor for hypocalcemia & tetany
39
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

thyroid enlarges to obtain more iodine

40
Q

Graves Disease

A

hypoerthyroidism-overstimulation causes the thyroid to swell

41
Q

Hashimotos Disease

A
  • Hypothyroidism-underactive thyroid
  • sensing a low hormone level, the pituitary gland produces more TSH to stimulate the thyroid, which causes the gland the enlarge
42
Q

Multinodular goiter

A

several solid or fluid filled lumps called nodules

43
Q

Solitary thyroid nodule

A

a single nodule develops in one part of the thyroid-most are benign

44
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

thyroid cancer can appear as an enlargement of one side of the gland

45
Q

Inflammation

A

thyroiditis, an inflammation condition, that can cause pain and swelling in the thyroid

46
Q

Parathyroid

A
  • four glands on the posterior thyroid gland

- parathyroid hormone regluates calcium & phosphorus balance

47
Q

What does PTH regulates

A

serum calcium & phosphorus by stimulating bone resorption of calcium, renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, & activation of vitamin D

48
Q

what does parathormone do

A

lowers phosphorus level

49
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

-characterized by increased secretion of PTH

50
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

benign adenoma tumor in the gland

51
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

compensatory response to hypocalcemia

- chronic renal failure
- vitamin D deficiencies & malabsorption
52
Q

Symptoms of hyperparathryroidism symptoms

A
  • hypercalcemia (stones, bones, moans, groans, throne)
  • CV: HTN, angina, arrhythmias
  • GI: abdominal pain, constipation, PUD
  • MS: skeletal pain, fractures, weakness
  • Neuro: lethargy, psychosis, irritability
  • Renal: stones, UTI, polyuria
53
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A
  • partial/complete per endoscopy

- may have auto transplantation of normal parathyroid tissue

54
Q

Nonsurgical Therapy

A
  • asymptomatic or mild symptoms
  • regular exams & PTH measurements
  • Diuretics or Bisphosponates (Fosamax)
55
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
  • uncommon associated with iadequate circulating PTH
  • Causes: most common from surgical removal, may be associated with hypothyroidism & hypogonadism
  • Symptoms: Tetany, painful tonic muscle spasms -> laryngospasms, irritability, cardiac arrhythmias, labs
56
Q

Management of hypoparathyroid

A
  • replacement: IV calcium gluconate cautiously
  • maintain airway
  • PTH replacements not recommended
    • oral calcium, Mg and vitamin D
  • diet: high in calcium, low phosphorus, vitamin D
  • lab monitoring follow up
  • low calcium potentiates effects of Digoxin
57
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • functions as part of the ANS

- catecholamines, epinephrine & norepinephrine

58
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • mineralcorticoids: aldosterone
  • glucocorticoids: Cortisol
  • sex hormones: androgens & estrogens
59
Q

Cushings Syndrome

A
  • excessive adrenocortical activity, particularly glucocorticoids
  • Endogenous causes of increased cortisol
    • ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma
    • ACTH production by tumors usually of the lung or pancreas
    • Adrenal adenoma
  • Exogenous from therapeutic use of corticosteroid medications
60
Q

Symptoms of Cushings syndrome

A
  • weak, fatigue
  • back & joint pain, fractures
  • altered emotional state
  • increased incidence of infection
  • Fragile skin & blood vessels
  • Changes in fat distribution (moon face, truncal obesity, buffalo hump)
  • muscle wasting, hirsutism
61
Q

Cushings management

A
  • pituitary adenoma: transsphenoidal resection, radiation therapy
  • Prolonged use of corticosteroids: gradually discontinuing, reduce dosage, alternate day dosing
  • Adrenocortical adenoma, cancer, hyperplasia
    • adrenalectomy
62
Q

Addisons Disease

A
  • Adrenocortical insufficiency
  • Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
    • primary cause (Addisons disease)
    • autoimmune or idopathic atrophy
      - Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens all reduced
  • Secondary: inadequate secretion of ACTH from pituitary gland: resulting from decreased stimulation of the adrenal cortex
  • Common cause: suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis because of use of exogenous corticosteroids
63
Q

Symptoms of Addisons disease

A
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Hypotension & hypovolemia
  • Muscle weakness & fatigue
  • N/V
  • Depression, apathy & emotional lability
64
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

low cortisol levels, increase secretion of ACTH with increased melanin synthesis

65
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

insufficient adrenocortical hormones or sudden sharp decrease in these hormones

66
Q

Complications

addisonian crisis

A

abrupt discontinuation of a glucocorticoid medication or with a trauma, infection, stress-> circulatory shock

67
Q

Complications

Hypoglycemia

A

decrease glucocorticoids causes increase insulin sensitivity & decrease glycogen

68
Q

Complication

Hyponatremia/Hyperkalemia

A

increase excretion of sodium & decrease of potassium

69
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

-a catecholamine producing tumor of the adrenal medulla: rare & usually benign
-epinephrine & norepinephrine secreted
-produce SNS effects
Cause is unknown
-Riks factors: endocrine neoplasia, anesthesia, opiates, radiographic dye, foods high in tyramine

70
Q

Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma

A
  • hypertension
  • HA
  • hyperhidrosis
  • ypermetabolism
  • hyperglycemia
  • chest pain
71
Q

Corticosteroid Therapy

A
  • corticosteroids are therapeutic for
    • adrenal insufficiency
    • suppress inflammation & autoimmune response
    • control allergic reactions
    • reduce trasplant rejection
  • Common corticosteroids
  • patient teaching
    • timing of doses
    • take as prescribed, tapering required, side effects

Adult Nursing Final (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions