Musculokskeletal System Flashcards
What is the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM?
Provides support & gives us ability to move.
What is the musculoskeletal system composed of?
Bones Cartilage, Muscle, Joints, Tendons.
What are the names of the 2 MAIN bits of the skeleton?
AXIAL - central core eg, skull,sternum,ribs,verterbul colum APPENDICULAR
What is the name of the ‘middle bit’ of a bone?
Diaphysis
What is the name of the ‘end’ of a bone?
Epiphysis
Where in the bone does the bone marrow sit?
Spongy Bone
What is the outside of the bone lined with?
Periosteum (causes pain in fractures)
What is the treatment for fractures?
AIM- is to allow good function after healing and to relign the bone Treatment - plaster cast with/without surgery
What happens during fracture healing?
- ruptured blood vessels cause haematoma which fills the fracture gap. 2. Provides fibrin meshwork to allow formation of granulations tissue. 3.Inflamation of cells releases cytokine to activate osteoblast/clasts. 4. 1 week delvelop cartilage causing bone deposition. 5. 2-3 week tissue reaches max
What can create obstacles for fracture healing?
if bone is not aligned, not mobilised,infection, fracture site contains dead bone.
What is a leading cause of fracture in old people?
Osteioprosis
What is Osteoporosis?
decrease in bone mass & density.
What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?
NO symptoms. People normally only know they have it if they fracture something.
How is osteoporosis formed?
Imbalance between bone resorption (increase) and bone production (decrease), and increase in bone mass.
What can influence risk of developing Osteoporosis?
Hormones (lack of oestrogen) Abnormal calcium & vit D If on drugs such as steroids.
What are the treatment options of Oestoporosis?
ALENDRONIC ACID
What is ARTHRITIS?
inflammation of a joint
What does ARTROPATHY mean?
joint disease or disorder
What are the characteristics of Arthritis?
Pain, swelling, stiffness, redness, warmth, restricted movement.
What is the most common type of Arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
What is Osteoarthritis?
‘wear & tear’ PRIMARY cause - no cause Secondary - previous joint damage
What are the RISK factors of Osteoarthritis?
Age, menopause, obesity, pre-exiting join deformity, stress eg. sportsman, Genetic
What is the PATHOGENESIS of ostesoarthritis?
Breakdown of articular cartridge. Bone exposed fragment of cartilage, fall in to joint.
What are the effects of Osteoarthritis?
Stiffness, Pain which is worse on movement, Reduce movement, Joint effusions (fluid) Crepitus (crackles)
What does osteoarthritis produce in hands?
Herberdens Nodes (top of fingers) Bouchards Nodes (Bottom of fingers)
What is the pathogenesis of Reumatoid Arthritis?
- Form immune complex 2.Generales inflamtion in synovium 3.Membrane thickens, 4. leads to join & cartilage desturction
What are the features of Rheumatioid Arthritis?
Affects hands & feet Pain, Swelling, deformity, fever, fatigue,pain often stiff. disease fluctuates
What is crystal arthropathies?
deposion of crystals in joint space
What are the TWO main crystal arthopathies?
Gout Pseudogout
What is Gout?
Increase Uric Acid Produced breakdrown of purine based by enzymes xanthine oxidase excreted by kidneys urate deposit as crystals in joints. lead to chronic arthirits
What are the features of GOUT?
Sudden burning, redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness. First attack normaly in big toe.
What is pseudogout?
precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissue. Crystals enlarge and repurture trigger a inflame response Affects Knees & Ankles
What are the causes of pseudogout?
heredity osteoarthritis trauma/surgery AGE.
What is SEPTIC Arthritis?
Inflammation of joint caused by bacterial infection.
What are the symptoms of SEPTIC Arthritis?
Severe pain, swelling, redness, heat, FEVER! and develops quickly. ** could be a EMQ emphasis on fever.
What is the treatment for SEPTIC Arthritis?
IV antibiotics, washout of joint (surgery). VERY SERIOUS & CAN CAUSE SEPSIS LEADING TO DEATH.
What is osetomyetlitis?
Infection of bone caused by bacteria.
Who is more at risck of Osteomyelitis?
Diabetes People who have suffered from foreign bodies.
What is the most common Bone tumour?
Metastic disease from a cancer. eg. postrate, breast, kidney
What are the 3 main types of muscle?
Statified, Smooth, Cardiac
What is striated muscle?
involved in voluntary actions e.g. muscle of arm or leg
What is smooth muscle?
Controlled by AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYS eg. contraction of artertis
What discorders can you get in skeletal muscle?
Muscular dystrophies Neuromuscular disorders
What disorder can you get in your smooth muscle?
leiomyomas (tumour)
