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My Pathology > Central Nervous Sys > Flashcards

Central Nervous Sys Flashcards

1
Q

What is alzheimers disease?

A
  • popular dementia
  • due to accumulation of abnormal proteins in brain.
  • leads to spatial skills, memory loss.
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2
Q

What assessments should be carried out for dementia?

A
  • TSH
  • CT Scan
  • Vitamin B12 - Thiamine (especially if they suffer from alcoholism)
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3
Q

What impacts diagnosis of dementia?

A

Can be mimicked by depression or delirium

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4
Q

How many people in the UK suffer from Dementia?

A

80,000

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5
Q

What dies the AUTONOMIC nervous system control?

A

“body senses changes and react to it.”
pressure control
breathing

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6
Q

What does the SOMATIC nervous system control?

A

voluntary actions

“picking up a pen”

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7
Q

DESCRIBE THE BRAIN LAYOUT….

A

Frontal Lobe,Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Spinal Cord

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8
Q

What is the brain lined by?

A

Meninges

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9
Q

What are meninges?

A

Membranes that cover brain
Protective function
Protective function and impact production of cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE?

A 
Spontaneous
80% rupture of saccular aneurysm
"Thunderclap headache"
Meningitis like symptoms (pain in neck, photophobia)
Require neurosurgical input.
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11
Q

What are causes of HAEMORRHAGIC events?

A 
hypertension
vascular malformation (berry aneurysum occurs on circle of willis)
neoplasia
trauma
drug abuse
latrogenic (caused by a dr)
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12
Q

What are the TWO main causes of BLEEDS of the brain?

A

hypertension

berry aneuryusm

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13
Q

What are the main causes of HYPOXIA of the brain?

A

blockage of blood vessels by ATHEROMA or EMBOLUS

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for STROKE?

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Heart Disease
Previous TIA
Hyperlipidaema
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15
Q

What are the treatment for TIA?

A

anti-platelet therapy (asprin)
control BP
lower cholesterol

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16
Q

What are the chances of having a full STROKE after a TIA?

A

1 in 10 chance within 4 weeks if left untreated

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17
Q

What does tissue survival in brain depend on?

A

collecteral circulation
duration of ischaemia
magnitude and rapidity to flow reduction

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18
Q

What can result from reduce blood flow to brain?

A

generalised
neuronal
dystfunction

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19
Q

How much of blood oxygen consumption does the brain account for?

A

20%

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20
Q

How much RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT does the brain account for?

A

15%

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21
Q

How much body weight does the brain account for?

A

1-2%

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22
Q

What are the 2 main PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES that occur during a STROKE OR TIA?

A

HYPOXIA - ischamia & infacrtion due to impaired blood supply/oxygenation
HAEMORRHAGE from CNS vessels

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23
Q

What is the difference between a STROKE and TIA?

A

TIA is shorters, symptoms don’t last as long.

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24
Q

What is a more complex tool for assessing consciousness?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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25
Q

What is a basic tool for assessing consciousness?

A

AVPU- Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive

26
Q

Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for TEMPORAL LOBE?

A 
cortical deafness
receptive dysphasia (problem speaking and understanding speech)
27
Q

Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for PARIETAL LOBE?

A

receptive dysphasia

sensory impairment

28
Q

Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for FRONTAL LOBE?

A

Anomsia
Inappropiate emotion dysphasia
Motor impairment

29
Q

What is the GENERALISED NEUROLOGICAL ABNORMALITY?

A

Essentially an alteration in level of consciousness.

eg. global response

30
Q

What are FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS?

A

set of symptoms or signs in which causality can be localized to an automic site in the central nervous system

31
Q

What are the 5 MAIN parts of the BRAIN STEM?

A 
midbrain
pons
medulla
basilar artery
vertebral atery
32
Q

What are the two areas of SPEECH & Language?

A

BROCA AREA - frontal lobe, responsible for sppech production.
WERNICKE AREA - speech processing and comprehensive written and spoken language

33
Q

Where in the brain is ‘SPEECH & LANGUAGE’ controlled?

A

TEMPORTAL & FRONTAL

34
Q

What is the post & pre central gyrus? & why is it important?

A

PRE = motor
PRO = sensing
has different terrories showing areas of brain of sens and motor

35
Q

What is the function of brain stem?

A

body basics - regulation the body such as BP

36
Q

What is the function of CEREBELLUM?

A

Co-ordinate movement

37
Q

What is the function of TEMPORAL LOBE?

A

Language

38
Q

What is the function of OCCIPITAL LOBE?

A

Vision

39
Q

What is the function of PARIETAL LOBE?

A

Movement

40
Q

What is the function of FRONTAL LOBE?

A

Planning

41
Q

What are the SUPPORTING cells in the CSN called?

A

Glial Cells

42
Q

What is the purpose of Neurons?

A

do the thinking process

43
Q

What is the purpose of the Spinal Cord?

A

communication of motor & sensory function between brain and peripheral ns

44
Q

What is the structure of the Spinal Cord?

A

8 - CERVICAL (top)
12 - THORACIC (middle)
5 - LUMBAR (bottom)
5 - SACRUM (bum)

45
Q

What happens if the tissue/fluid pressure in skull increases?

A

Intracranial pressure rises

resulting in HERINIATION where part of the brain moves from one compartment of the skull to another

46
Q

What does the brain not have?

A

Lympth Vessels

47
Q

What is the Circle of Wilis?

A

regulates blood supply in the brain
complex system
sits posterior at front of brain stem
often site for annyresum & bleeds

48
Q

What is the blood supply of the brain regulated by?

A

Circle of Wilis

49
Q

What are the 3 forms of MENINGES?

A

duramater
arachnoid
pia mater

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Brain Tumours?

A 
headaches
seizures
cognitives or behaviour changes
vomiting
altered conciousness
51
Q

What is the treatment fir Parkinson?

A

MDT APPROACH
LCOPA eg Madopar
Anticholinergic Drugs- orphenadrine

52
Q

What is the name of the drug that induces Parkinson?

A

HALOPERIDOL

53
Q

What is Parkinson disease?

A

movement disorder

54
Q

How can brain abscess spread?

A

via blood

55
Q

What are the symptoms of Brain Abcess?

A

headaches
temp
seizurs

56
Q

What are the symptoms of Meningitis?

A

Early Symp - headache, cold hands and feet, pyrexia

Late Symp - Neck stiffness, photophobia, kernig sign, non-blanching rash, siezures

57
Q

An example of a FOCAL INFECTION?

A

Abscess

58
Q

An example of a DIFFUSE INFECTION?

A

Meningitis

59
Q

What is EPILEPSY?

A

recurrent tendancy to spontaneous, intermittent abnormal electrical inpart of brain manifest as seizures

60
Q

How many people in UK have strokes?

A

130,000

My Pathology (11 decks)

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