Central Nervous Sys Flashcards
What is alzheimers disease?
- popular dementia
- due to accumulation of abnormal proteins in brain.
- leads to spatial skills, memory loss.
What assessments should be carried out for dementia?
- TSH
- CT Scan
- Vitamin B12 - Thiamine (especially if they suffer from alcoholism)
What impacts diagnosis of dementia?
Can be mimicked by depression or delirium
How many people in the UK suffer from Dementia?
80,000
What dies the AUTONOMIC nervous system control?
“body senses changes and react to it.”
pressure control
breathing
What does the SOMATIC nervous system control?
voluntary actions
“picking up a pen”
DESCRIBE THE BRAIN LAYOUT….
Frontal Lobe,Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Spinal Cord
What is the brain lined by?
Meninges
What are meninges?
Membranes that cover brain
Protective function
Protective function and impact production of cerebrospinal fluid
What are the characteristics of SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE?
Spontaneous 80% rupture of saccular aneurysm "Thunderclap headache" Meningitis like symptoms (pain in neck, photophobia) Require neurosurgical input.
What are causes of HAEMORRHAGIC events?
hypertension vascular malformation (berry aneurysum occurs on circle of willis) neoplasia trauma drug abuse latrogenic (caused by a dr)
What are the TWO main causes of BLEEDS of the brain?
hypertension
berry aneuryusm
What are the main causes of HYPOXIA of the brain?
blockage of blood vessels by ATHEROMA or EMBOLUS
What are the risk factors for STROKE?
Hypertension Diabetes Heart Disease Previous TIA Hyperlipidaema
What are the treatment for TIA?
anti-platelet therapy (asprin)
control BP
lower cholesterol
What are the chances of having a full STROKE after a TIA?
1 in 10 chance within 4 weeks if left untreated
What does tissue survival in brain depend on?
collecteral circulation
duration of ischaemia
magnitude and rapidity to flow reduction
What can result from reduce blood flow to brain?
generalised
neuronal
dystfunction
How much of blood oxygen consumption does the brain account for?
20%
How much RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT does the brain account for?
15%
How much body weight does the brain account for?
1-2%
What are the 2 main PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES that occur during a STROKE OR TIA?
HYPOXIA - ischamia & infacrtion due to impaired blood supply/oxygenation
HAEMORRHAGE from CNS vessels
What is the difference between a STROKE and TIA?
TIA is shorters, symptoms don’t last as long.
What is a more complex tool for assessing consciousness?
Glasgow Coma Scale
What is a basic tool for assessing consciousness?
AVPU- Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for TEMPORAL LOBE?
cortical deafness receptive dysphasia (problem speaking and understanding speech)
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for PARIETAL LOBE?
receptive dysphasia
sensory impairment
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for FRONTAL LOBE?
Anomsia
Inappropiate emotion dysphasia
Motor impairment
What is the GENERALISED NEUROLOGICAL ABNORMALITY?
Essentially an alteration in level of consciousness.
eg. global response
What are FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS?
set of symptoms or signs in which causality can be localized to an automic site in the central nervous system
What are the 5 MAIN parts of the BRAIN STEM?
midbrain pons medulla basilar artery vertebral atery
What are the two areas of SPEECH & Language?
BROCA AREA - frontal lobe, responsible for sppech production.
WERNICKE AREA - speech processing and comprehensive written and spoken language
Where in the brain is ‘SPEECH & LANGUAGE’ controlled?
TEMPORTAL & FRONTAL
What is the post & pre central gyrus? & why is it important?
PRE = motor
PRO = sensing
has different terrories showing areas of brain of sens and motor
What is the function of brain stem?
body basics - regulation the body such as BP
What is the function of CEREBELLUM?
Co-ordinate movement
What is the function of TEMPORAL LOBE?
Language
What is the function of OCCIPITAL LOBE?
Vision
What is the function of PARIETAL LOBE?
Movement
What is the function of FRONTAL LOBE?
Planning
What are the SUPPORTING cells in the CSN called?
Glial Cells
What is the purpose of Neurons?
do the thinking process
What is the purpose of the Spinal Cord?
communication of motor & sensory function between brain and peripheral ns
What is the structure of the Spinal Cord?
8 - CERVICAL (top)
12 - THORACIC (middle)
5 - LUMBAR (bottom)
5 - SACRUM (bum)
What happens if the tissue/fluid pressure in skull increases?
Intracranial pressure rises
resulting in HERINIATION where part of the brain moves from one compartment of the skull to another
What does the brain not have?
Lympth Vessels
What is the Circle of Wilis?
regulates blood supply in the brain
complex system
sits posterior at front of brain stem
often site for annyresum & bleeds
What is the blood supply of the brain regulated by?
Circle of Wilis
What are the 3 forms of MENINGES?
duramater
arachnoid
pia mater
What are the symptoms of Brain Tumours?
headaches seizures cognitives or behaviour changes vomiting altered conciousness
What is the treatment fir Parkinson?
MDT APPROACH
LCOPA eg Madopar
Anticholinergic Drugs- orphenadrine
What is the name of the drug that induces Parkinson?
HALOPERIDOL
What is Parkinson disease?
movement disorder
How can brain abscess spread?
via blood
What are the symptoms of Brain Abcess?
headaches
temp
seizurs
What are the symptoms of Meningitis?
Early Symp - headache, cold hands and feet, pyrexia
Late Symp - Neck stiffness, photophobia, kernig sign, non-blanching rash, siezures
An example of a FOCAL INFECTION?
Abscess
An example of a DIFFUSE INFECTION?
Meningitis
What is EPILEPSY?
recurrent tendancy to spontaneous, intermittent abnormal electrical inpart of brain manifest as seizures
How many people in UK have strokes?
130,000
